Transcript Warring City

 Geography

How did the following impact Greece?
 Sea
 Mountains
 Climate

Why did the Greeks have so many colonies
throughout Mediterranean?
 Standard WHI.5
 Students will be able to
demonstrate knowledge
of ancient Greece in
terms of its impact on
Western civilization by:


Identifying the social
structure and role of
slavery, and comparing the
city-states of Athens and
Sparta
Evaluating the significance
of the Persian wars
 Essential Questions
 How did Sparta differ
from Athens?
 Why were wars with
Persia important to the
development of Greek
culture?
 Polis
 750 B.C.E.
 Fundamental political unit
in Ancient Greece
 Made up of a city and
surrounding countryside
 Often less than 20,000
residents
 Had agora (public center)
and acropolis (fortified hill
top)
 Greek Political Structures
 Several types of
governments

Monarchy
• Kings and Queens rule

Aristocracy
• Ruled by a small group of
people, usually nobles

Oligarchy
• Ruled by a few powerful people,
usually wealthy merchants
 New kind of Army
 Iron emerges




Cheaper than bronze, more
available
Ordinary citizens could afford
weapons
Citizens expected to defend
Polis
Emergence of Phalanx
 Tyrants seize power
 Citizen-soldiers started to
rebel
 Tyrants, powerful
individuals, gained power by
appealing to poor
 Lived in the Peloponnesus
(southern Greece)
 Location
 Southern Greece
 Peloponnesus
 Gulf of Corinth
 Government and Society
 Oligarchy – headed by two kings

 Conquerors
 Conquered neighbors Messenia
725 B.C.E.
 Messenians became helots
 Revolt of helots in 600 B.C.E.
forced Spartans to strengthen
military
Council of Elders
• Proposed laws to assembly
• Made up of 2 kings and 28 citizens over
60 years old
• Ephors- 5 elected officials carried out
laws
 Led education of youth

Social Structure


Diverse social groups
Rigid structure
 Education
 Men




Life centered around military training
Age 7- left for barracks
Did not encourage arts
Stressed duty, strength, discipline
• Militaristic and aggressive society

Women



Hardy lives
Service to Sparta above family
Women had more rights than most
areas
 Spartans prepared for military
life
 Every newborn examined,
sickly children killed
 At age 7 boys went into
military training
 At age 20 a man could marry,
but lived in barracks another
10 years
 At age 30, he took his place in
the assembly
 Women
 Expected to produce
healthy, warrior sons
 Exercised and strengthened
their bodies
 Had to obey husband and
father
 Had right to inherit property
 Ran family estates while
men were at war
 Affairs
 Isolated itself
 Looked down on trade
and wealth
 Forbade travel
 Located in Attica
 Under protection of
Goddess Athena
 Evolved from monarchy
to aristocracy
 “cradle of democracy”
 Noble landowners had
power
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
State ruled by King
State ruled by
Nobility
State ruled by a small State ruled by its
group of citizens
citizens
Rule is hereditary
Rule is hereditary
and based on land
ownership
Rule is based on
wealth
Some rulers claim
divine right
Social status and
wealth support
ruler’s authority
Ruling group controls Majority rule decides
military
vote
Practiced in Mycenae Practiced in Athens
(1450 B.C.E.)
(584 B.C.E.)
Practiced in Sparta
(800-600 B.C.E.)
Direct Democracy
Rule is based on
citizenship
Practiced in Athens
(461 B.C.E.)
 Stages of evolution in Athenian
government


Early Athens was ruled by a king
Aristocracy took power in 7th century

They owned land and political power
 Tyrants who worked for reform
 Draco
 Solon
 Origin of democratic principles
 Direct democracy
 Public debate
 Duties of the citizen
 Location


Located on rocky hill
Eastern Greece
 Life

Slaves


 Political Development
 Power struggle b/w rich and
poor
 Avoided civil war with
reforms
 Led to creation of
democracy

Only for free adult males

1/3 population
No political rights
Women


No political rights
Took care of children
 Clashes between aristocrats
and common people
 Draco 621 B.C.E.


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Wrote first legal code
Contracts/property ownership
Conflicts continued
 594 B.C.E.
 Aristocrats prevented civil war
by electing Solon to head the
government
 Gave him power to reform law
 Political Reforms
 Outlawed slavery
 All citizens allowed to
participate in Athenian
assembly
 Bring charges against
wrongdoers
 Neglected land reforms


Led to fighting
Pisistratus 546 B.C.E. seizes
power as a Tyrant
 Economic Reforms
 Encouraged export of grapes
and olives
 Profitable overseas trade
 Pisistratus 546 B.C.E.
 Tyrant
 Provided funds to help
peasants buy farm
equipment


Financed reform by a tax on
agricultural production
 Cleisthenes 508 B.C.E.
 Introduced more reforms
 Wanted to makes Athens a
full democracy and break up
nobility
 Increased power of
assembly
Massive building program

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Gave jobs to poor
Earned him support of poor


Council of 500

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
Anyone allowed to propose
laws
Proposed laws
Counseled the assembly
Chosen by lot
Created limited democracy
 Only males could
participate in Assembly

Women were “imperfect
beings” without the ability
to reason
 Wealthy women lived in
seclusion in homes and
managed household.
 Poor women tended
sheep, were spinners or
weavers.
 Girls received no
education
 Boys attend school if
affordable
 Studied reading, writing,
poetry, and music
 Studied public speaking
 Received military training
 Angry at an insult, sent
messengers into Greece
asking for gifts of
“earth and water”
 Most city-states obeyed
 Athens and Sparta did
not submit
 United Greece
 500 B.C. Athens was
wealthiest city-state and
had helped Ionian Greeks
rebel against Persia

Persians crushed the rebel
cities
 Darius wanted to punish the
Athenians

Sent the Persian army, landed
at Marathon
 Persian War united Athens
and Sparta against the
Persian Empire
 Battle at Marathon
 490 B.C.E.
 Persian fleet lands with
25,000 men
 Greek phalanx destroyed
the Persians
 Athens was defenseless
 Pheidippides “raced” back
to Athens to warn the city

Saved the city
 After Darius’ death, his
son Xerxes wanted
revenge

480 B.C. brought a larger
force to Greece
 Met resistance with a
small force of Spartans at
Thermopylae
Led by King Leonidas
 Greeks divided and weak
 300 Spartans sacrificed
themselves at Battle of
Thermopylae

 After defeating the
Spartans, marched to
Athens and burned it to the
ground

Athenians had already left
 Battle at Salamis
 destroyed the Persian fleet


1/3 sank
Left Greeks in control of the
Aegean Sea
 Themistocles had built ships
to help defend Greece after
Marathon
 Greeks lured the Persians
ships into the straight of
Salamis and tore them to
pieces
 Greeks then marched into
Asia Minor and ended the
Persian invasion

Spartans finally defeated
Persians at Plataea 479
B.C.E.
 An Athenian army
commander, statesman,
and archon

Designed the Piraeus naval
harbor
 Never popular with fellow
citizens despite being the
hero of Battle of Salamis
 Ostracized in 470 B.C. and
was sentenced to death

Committed suicide 460 B.C.
 Athens emerged most
powerful city-state
 Organized an alliance with
other city-states called the
Delian agreement
 Athens emerges in a
position of strength

Athens was pursuing
aggressive policies against
neighboring state
 Athens was moving
towards democracy

Pericles will come to power
and take Athens’ into its
Golden Age.
Who?
The united Greek city-states vs. the Persian Empire.
Greece Wins!!!!
When?
499 B.C.E. – 449 B.C.E.
Why?
Control of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and
the economic advantages that go along with
controlling the seas.
Major Battles?
2 Major Battles were at Marathon and Salamis. The
Greeks defeated the Persians in both.
Results of War
Athens emerges as the dominant power in Greece
after the formation of the Delian League. The Delian
League was an alliance between Athens and other
Greek city-states (not Sparta) that made Athens
wealthy and powerful.
 Standard WHI.5
 Students will be able to
demonstrate knowledge
of ancient Greece in
terms of its impact on
Western civilization by:


Identifying the social
structure and role of
slavery, and comparing the
city-states of Athens and
Sparta
Evaluating the significance
of the Persian wars
 Essential Questions
 How did Sparta differ
from Athens?
 Why were wars with
Persia important to the
development of Greek
culture?