Transcript integumentary system - Effingham County Schools

Integumentary system
You are likely to shed some 40 pounds of skin in a lifetime
One sixth body's mass.
Eyelids have the thinnest skin
Sole of heel has the thickest skin (all layers)
Hair grows approx. 1 cm a month
Average head of hair is around 120,000
Nails grow approx. .5 mm per week
· You have 7 layers of flat, stacked cells.
· An adult has 20 sq.ft of skin.
· It’s your body’s largest organ.
· An average adult’s skin spans 21 square feet, weighs 9 pounds, and contains
more than 11 miles of blood vessels.
· The skin releases as much as 3 gallons of sweat a day in hot weather.
· Globally, dead skin accounts for about a billion tons of dust in the atmosphere.
Your skin sheds 50,000 cells every minute.
3 Main Layers of Tissue
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis
Epidermis
• Outermost layer of skin
• Does not contain nerve cells or blood vessels
• Made of 5 smaller layers of skin
The 2 main layers are the:
• Stratum corneum – the outermost layer – these cells
are constantly shed and replaced by the new cells of
the stratum germinativum
• Stratum germinativum – the innermost layer
Dermis
• Also called corium or “true skin”
• Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves,
involuntary muscle, sweat and oil glands, and
hair follicles.
Subcutaneous Fascia or Hypodermis
• Innermost layer of the skin
• Made of elastic and fibrous connective tissue
and adipose (fatty) tissue
• Connects skin to underlying muscles
Integumentary System has 2 Types of
Glands
1. Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
2. Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
Glands
Sudoriferous Glands
– Sweat glands
– Coiled tubes that extend through dermis
– Open on surface of skin called a pore
– Eliminate sweat or perspiration that contains
water, salts, and some body wastes
Sudoriferous gland
(sweat gland)
Glands
Sebaceous Glands
Oil glands
Usually open on to a hair follicle
Produce oil called sebum
Sebaceous Glands Produce Sebum (oil)
• Sebum:
– Keeps hair from becoming dry and brittle
– Sebum is slightly acidic so it discourages growth of
bacteria on skin
– Antibacterial and antifungal secretion so it also
helps prevent infections
– Blackheads or pimples occur when oil glands
become plugged with dirt and oil
Sebaceous Glands
(oil glands)
Draw and Label Diagram of Skin
• DHO pg. 146 – draw, label, color
• Identify and label:
– Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous),
sweat pore, sudoriferous gland, sebaceous gland,
artery, vein, sensory nerve ending, hair follicle,
adipose (fatty)tissue, dermal papilla, arrector pili
muscle
• Read BS&F page 68:
– What are dermal papillae? What are the
functions of papillae?
Read BS&F page 69:
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
Hair
• Hair consists of a root that grows in a hollow
tube called a follicle, and a hair shaft
• Hair helps protect the body
• Covers all body surfaces except for the palms
of the hands and the soles of the feet
Hair follicle
Nails
• Protects the fingers and toes from injury
• Are made of dead, ketatinized epidermal
epithelial cells packed close together to form a
thick, dense surface
• Cells are formed in nail bed
• If lost, nails will regrow if the nail bed is not
damaged
• Pink hue is from vascularized dermal tissue
beneath nail bed
• Lunula is active growing region
World’s Longest Nails!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIJhAWrsm0
Functions of the
Integumentary System
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Protection
Sensory perception
Regulation of body temperature
Storage
Absorption
Excretion
Production
Protection
• Serves as a barrier for sun’s ultraviolet rays
• Protects against invasion of pathogens or
germs
• Holds moisture in and prevents deeper tissues
from drying out
Sensory Perception
• Nerves present in skin
• Respond to pain, pressure, temperature (heat
and cold), and touch sensations
Body Temperature Regulation
• Blood vessels in skin help body retain and lose
heat
• Dilate: blood vessels get larger and allow
excess heat to escape through the skin
• Constrict: blood vessels get smaller and retain
heat
• Sudoriferous glands also help cool body
through evaporation of perspiration
Storage
• Skin has tissues for temporary storage of fat,
glucose (sugar), water, vitamins, and salts
• Stores adipose tissue in the subcutaneous
fascia, which is a source of energy
Absorption
• Certain substances are absorbed through the
skin such as transdermal medications (motion
sickness patches, heart patches, nicotine
patches
Excretion
• Helps body eliminate salt, a minute amount of
waste, and excess water
• Done through perspiration and sweat
Production
• Skin helps in production of vitamin D
• Uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to form an
initial molecule of vitamin D that matures in
the liver
Create Foldable:
• Create a foldable of the 7 functions of the skin
• Include the function/description and
picture/drawing
• Must be accurate, neat, interesting, colorful
Pigmentation
(skin color)
• Skin color is inherited and determined by
pigments in the epidermis
• Melanin – brownish black pigment
1. leads to a black, brown, or yellow skin
tint depending on racial origin
2. absorbs ultraviolet light to tan the
skin
3. small concentrated areas of melanin
pigment form freckles
• Carotene – yellowish-red pigment
• Albino – absence of color pigments
• 1. skin has a pinkish tint
• 2. hair is pale yellow or white
• 3. eyes are red in color and very sensitive
to light
Abnormal colors
• Erythema – reddish color; caused by burns or a
congestion of blood vessels
• Jaundice – yellowish discoloration; can indicate
presence of bile in blood as a result of liver or
gallbladder disease
• Cyanosis – bluish discoloration; caused by
insufficient oxygen; associate with heart lung and
circulatory diseases
jaundice
cyanosis
Skin Lab
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Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis – terra cotta
Hair follicle/shaft – terra cotta
Sudoriferous gland – green
Sebaceous gland – yellow
Vein – blue
Artery – red
• Page 146
Skin eruptions
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Macules – flat spots on the skin (freckles)
Papules – firm raised areas (pimples)
Vesicles – blisters or sacs full of fluid (chicken pox)
Pustules – sacs filled with pus (acne or pimples)
Crusts – areas of dried pus and blood (scab)
Wheals - itchy, elevated areas with an irregular
shape (allergic reaction)
• Ulcer – deep loss of skin surface that may extend
into the dermis (deep cut)
macules
papules
vesicles
pustules
crusts
wheals
ulcer
Decubitus Ulcer
• Also called: bedsores or pressure sores
• Preventable
• Primary concern of healthcare workers
Risk Factors
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Aging
confined to bed/wheelchair
Dehydration/malnutrition
Diminished reflexes
Diseases such as diabetes
Immobiliztion
Incontinence
Obesity
Exposure to shearing/friction
S&S of Decubitus Ulcer
• Discoloration:
• light-skinned pt – red or dark purple
• Dark-skinned pt – area may appear darker
than normal
• Odor
• Swelling
• Tenderness/pain
• Drainage
Application:
• 1. What causes a decubitus ulcer?
• 2. List 5 common sites for decubitus ulcers to
develop.
• 3. Identify the 4 stages of decubitus ulcers.
• 4. What are the 2 best treatments for
decubitus ulcers?
What causes a decubitus ulcer?
• They occur when a patient is constantly sitting
or lying down in the same position without
shifting his or her weight.
• The constant pressure causes a decrease to
the blood supply and tissue decay develops.
5 Common Sites for Decubitus Ulcers
to develop
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Spine
Coccyx
Hips
Elbows
heels
Bony prominences where decubitus
ulcers are prone to develop
4 Stages of Decubitus Ulcers
• Stage I – reddened, skin
not broken
– Tx: alleviate pressure
• Stage II – blistered area
• Broken or unbroken
skin
• Surrounding area
red/irritated
• Tx: protect and clean
area and alleviate
pressure
• Stage III – skin break
through all areas
• High risk of infection
• Tx: medical tx required
to prevent infection and
promote healing
• Stage IV – ulcerated area extends through
skin, muscles, tendons, and bone
• Can be life-threatening
• Tx: surgical removal of necrotic (dead) or
decayed tissue and antibiotics.
Stage IV Ulcer with necrotic tissue
What are 2 best treatments for
decubitus ulcers?
1. Prevention
2. Frequent turning (q2h) and relief of
pressure on bony prominences.
• Nursing staff must adhere to turning schedule.
• Teach family members of in home patients to
turn q2h.
Additional preventive measures:
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Good diet – contributes to healing
Skin care – clean and well moisturized
Continence aids – pads, diapers, catheter
Frequent skin inspection
Products to relieve pressure – airbeds,
alternating pressure mattresses, foam bed, gel
pillows, continence aids
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGpJWK0
T28Q
Application:
• 80 year old white female admitted to Room
310 with a dx of pneumonia. Appears thin
and frail. Family reports she has become
incontinent. Family reports she has been in
bed for the past week.
• 1. What risk factors does she have for
decubitus ulcers?
• 2. How would you assess this patient for
decubitus ulcers?
Burns
• Traumatic injury resulting from
– Sun
– Water
– Steam fire
– Chemicals
– Some medications increase your sensitivity to
sunlight > chance of sunburn
• Severe burns can lead to dehydration and
infection
• Both life-threatening conditions
Rule of Nines
• Measures the percent
of body burned
Classification of Burns
• Burns classified as 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree burn
depending on skin layers affected and
symptoms
Application:
Read the section in text on the classification of
burns.
Indicate the skin layers involved, symptoms,
treatment, and approximate healing time for
first, second and third degree burns
First Degree
• Epidermis only
• Sx: Redness, swelling,
pain
• Tx: application of cold
water
• Healing approx. 1week
Second Degree
• Epidermis and dermis
• Sx: Pain, swelling,
redness, blistering
• Risk of infection
• Tx: pain meds and
sterile dressings
• Healing approx. 2 weeks
Third Degree
• Epidermis, dermis,
hypodermis
• Sx: Loss of skin, eschar
(blackened skin), possibly
no pain
• Can be life-threatening
• Immediate hospitalization
• Tx: prevent infection,
contracture, fluid
replacement