Transcript GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

Chapter 6, Part 2
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF
PHARMACOLOGY
Part 2
Drug Classifications
Topics
 Common Prehospital Medications
 Common Patient Scenarios
 Common Patient Medications
Drugs Used to Affect
the Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Medications
 Analgesics & Antagonists
 Anesthetics
 Anti-anxiety & Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
 Antiseizure or Anti-epileptic Drugs
 Central Nervous System Stimulants
 Psychotherapeutic Medications
 Parkinson’s Medications
Autonomic Nervous System
Medications (1 of 2)
 Drugs Affecting the
Parasympathetic System:
Cholinergics
Anticholinergics
Ganglionic Blocking Agents
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Ganglionic Stimulating Agents
Autonomic Nervous System
Medications (2 of 2)
 Drugs Affecting the Sympathetic
System:
Adrenergic Receptors
Adrenergic Agonists
Adrenergic Antagonists
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Drugs Used to Affect the
Cardiovascular System
Classifications of Cardiovascular
Drugs (1 of 2)
 Antidysrhythmics:
Used to treat and prevent abnormal
cardiac rhythms.
 Antihypertensives:
Drugs used to treat hypertension.
Classifications of Cardiovascular
Drugs (2 of 2)
 Hemostatic Agents:
Drugs used to stop bleeding.
 Antihyperlipidemic Agents:
Drugs used to treat high cholesterol.
Antidysrhythmics
Antihypertensives
 Diuretics
 Adrenergic inhibiting agents
 Angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors
 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
 Calcium channel blockers
 Direct vasodilators
Hemostatic Agents
 Antiplatelets:
Drugs that decrease the formation of
platelet plugs.
 Anticoagulants:
Drugs that disrupt the clotting cascade.
 Thrombolytics:
Drugs that act directly on thrombi to
break them down.
Antihyperlipidemics
 Drugs used to treat high blood
cholesterol.
 Examples:
Lovastatin (mevacor).
Simvastatin (zocor).
Drugs Used to Affect the
Respiratory System
Antiasthmatic Medications
Drugs Used for Rhinitis and Cough
 Nasal Decongestants
 Antihistamines
 Antitussives
 Expectorants
 Mucolytic
Drugs Used to Affect the
Gastrointestinal System
Main Indications for GI Drug
Therapy
 Peptic Ulcers
 Constipation
 Diarrhea and Emesis
 Digestion
Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer
Disease (1 of 2)
 H2 Receptor Antagonists:
Cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine
(Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid),
nizatidine (Axid).
 Proton Pump Inhibitors:
 Omeprazole (Prilosec),
 lansoprazole (Prevacid).
Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer
Disease (2 of 2)
 Antacids:
Aluminum, magnesium, or sodium
compounds.
 Anticholinergics:
Pirenzepine (Gastrozepine).
Drugs Used to Treat Constipation
 Categories of Laxatives:
 Bulk–forming
(methylcellulose or Citrucel).
 Stimulant (phenolphthalein or
Ex-Lax).
 Osmotic (Milk of Magnesia).
 Surfactant (Colace).
Drugs Used to Treat Diarrhea
 Although a nuisance, diarrhea is
often a helpful process.
 Specific or non-specific agents
may be used.
Drugs Used to Treat Emesis
 Antiemetics:
Medication used to prevent vomiting.
 Serotonin Antagonists:
Zofran.
 Dopamine Antagonists:
Compazine, Phenergan, Inapsine, Reglan.
 Cannabinoids:
Marinol, Cesamet.
Drugs Used to Aid Digestion
 Several drugs are available to
aid digestion of carboyhydrates
and fats.
 Two such drugs are pancreatin
(Entozyme) and pancrelipase
(Viokase).
Drugs Used to Affect the
Eyes
Drugs Used to Affect the Eyes
 Opthalmic drugs are used to treat
conditions involving the eyes,
primarily glaucoma and trauma.
Medications used to treat glaucoma
are all aimed at reducing intraocular
pressure (IOP). Examples include
timolol (Timoptic) and betaxolol
(Betoptic).
Tetracaine (Pontocaine) is a local
anesthetic of the ester class.
Drugs Used to Affect the
Ears
Drugs Used to Affect the Ears
 Most drugs used to treat conditions
involving the ear are aimed at
eliminating underlying bacterial or
fungal infections or at breaking up
impacted ear wax.
Chlorampenicol (Chloromycetin otic).
Gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin).
Drugs Used to Affect the
Endocrine System
Drugs Affecting the Pituitary Gland
 Anterior Pituitary Drugs—The only
conditions treated with these drugs
are those associated with abnormal
growth such as dwarfism.
 Posterior Pituitary Drugs—The two
drugs in this category are oxytocin
and antidiuretic hormone.
Drugs Affecting the Parathyroid and
Thyroid Glands
 Parathyroid glands are primarily
responsible for regulating calcium
levels.
 Hypothyroidism leads to decreased
levels of calcium and Vitamin D.
 Treatment is therefore through
calcium and Vitamin D supplements.
Drugs Affecting the Adrenal
Cortex
 The Adrenal Cortex synthesizes and
secretes 3 classes of hormones:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
and androgens.
 Two diseases typify the disorders
associated with the Adrenal Cortex:
Cushing’s disease and Addison’s
disease.
Drugs Affecting the Pancreas
 Diabetes mellitus is the most important
disease involving the pancreas.
 Insulin—a substance that decreases
blood glucose level.
 Glucagon—a substance that increases
blood glucose level.
Oral Hypoglycemics
 Orinase
(chlorpropamide)
 Glucotrol (glipizide)
 Micronase (glyburide)
Hyperglycemic Agents
 D50W is a sugar solution given
intravenously for acute
hypoglycemia.
 Glucagon is indicated for
emergency treatment when an
IV is unobtainable.
Drugs Affecting the Female
Reproductive System
 Estrogens and Progestins
 Oral contraceptives
 Uterine stimulants and relaxants:
 Brethine, Yutopar.
 Infertility agents:
 Clomid, Metrodin.
Drugs Affecting the Male
Reproductive System
 Testosterone deficiency:
 Metandren.
 Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
(BPH):
 Proscare.
Drugs Affecting Sexual Behavior
 L-dopa (Levodopa) has demonstrated
increased libido as a side effect.
 Sildenafil (Viagra) was approved in
1998 for patients suffering erectile
dysfunction.
 NOTE: If you treat a patient with chest pain
who has taken Viagra recently, do NOT
give nitroglycerin or any other nitrate.
Drugs Used to Treat
Cancer
Drugs Used to Treat Cancer
 Drugs used to treat cancer are
called antineoplastic agents.
 Examples include:
fluorouracil (Adrucil)
mechlorethamine (Mustargen)
vinblastine (Velban)
vincristine (Oncovin)
Drugs Used to Treat
Infectious Diseases and
Inflammation
Drugs Used to Treat Infectious
Diseases and Inflammation (1 of 3)
 Antibiotics.
An antibiotic agent may either kill the
offending bacteria or so decrease the
bacteria’s growth that the patient’s immune
system can effectively fight the infection.
 Antifungal Agents.
Fungi are parasitic microorganisms that
cannot synthesize their own food.
Drugs Used to Treat Infectious
Diseases and Inflammation (2 of 3)
 Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Drugs.
Although most diseases treated with
these drugs are uncommon in
developed countries, they are leading causes of
death in third-world countries.
 They include malaria, leprosy, and
helminthiasis.
Drugs Used to Treat Infectious
Diseases and Inflammation (3 of 3)
 Tuberculosis, caused by bacteria, is
increasing in the United States.
 NSAIDs (non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs)—Commonly
used as analgesics and antipyretics.
 Uricosuric drugs—Used to treat gout.
 Serums, vaccines, and other
immunizing agents.
Drugs Used to Affect the
Skin
Drugs Used to Affect the Skin
 Dermatologic drugs are used to
treat skin irritations.
 They are common over-thecounter medications.
Drugs Used to
Supplement the Diet
Many disease processes affect the
production, distribution, and utilization
of essential dietary nutrients.
Drugs Used to Supplement
the Diet
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Fluids
 Electrolytes
Drugs Used to Treat
Poisoning and Overdoses
Drugs Used to Treat Poisoning
and Overdoses
 The treatment for poisoning and
overdose depends greatly on
the substance involved.
 Syrup of Ipecac
 Activated Charcoal
 Mucomyst
 Atropine
 Pralidoxime
Summary
 Anatomy and Physiology
Related to Pharmacology
 Common Prehospital
Medications
 Common Patient Scenarios
 Common Patient Medications