Transcript Cerebrovascular Accident “Brain Attack”

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
aka “Brain Attack”
Chris Puglia, MSN, RN, CEN
Objectives
• Define cerebrovascular accident and
associated terminology
• Discuss related pathophysiology and
presentation of various types of stroke
• Discuss etiology, risk factors, diagnostics,
management, and outcomes of stroke
• Review case studies and nursing diagnoses,
interventions, and goals
Definition
• Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA), Stroke or
“brain attack” is an acute CNS injury that
results in neurologic S/S brought on by a
reduction or absence of perfusion to a
territory of the brain. The disruption in flow is
from either an occlusion (ischemic) or rupture
(hemorrhagic) of the blood vessel.
Incidence & Prevalence
• Third leading cause of death in the USA
– 795,000+ people/year
– 175,000 die within one year (25%)
• Leading cause of long-term disabilities
– 5.5 million survivors (USA)
– 15 to 30 % live with permanent disability
Definitions
• Cerebrovascular Accident
– Ischemic Stroke
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Thrombotic
Embolic
Lacunar infarct
TIA
– Hemorrhagic Stroke
• ICH
• SAH
Thrombotic Stroke
• Occlusion of large cerebral
vessel (blood clot)
• Older population
• Sleeping/resting
• Rapid event, but slow
progression (usually reach
max deficit in 3 days)
Embolic Stroke
• Embolus becomes lodged in vessel
and causes occlusion
• Bifurcations are most common site
• Sudden onset with immediate
deficits
– Embolysis
– Hemorrhagic
Transformation
Lacunar Strokes - 20% of all stokes
• Minor deficits
– Paralysis and sensory loss
• Lacune
• Small, deep penetrating arteries
• High incidence:
– Chronic hypertension
– Elderly
– DIC
Transient Ischemic Attack
• Warning sign for stroke
• Brief localized ischemia
• Common manifestations:
– Contralateral numbness/
weakness of hand,
forearm, corner of mouth
– Aphasia
– Visual disturbancesblurring
• Deficits last less than 24
hours (usually less than
1 or 2 hrs)
• Can occur due to:
– Inflammatory artery
disorders
– Sickle cell anemia
– Atherosclerotic changes
Hemorrhagic Stroke Definitions
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Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage
Parenchymal hemorrhage
Intraparenchymal hematoma
Contusion
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Hemorrhagic Stroke
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Rupture of vessel
Sudden
Fatal
Causes:
– HTN
– Trauma
• Varied manifestations
Hemorrhagic Stroke
– Intracerebral
Hemorrhage (ICH)
– Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage (SAH)
Pathophysiology
Hemorrhagic Stroke
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Changes in vasculature
Tear or rupture
Hemorrhage
Decreased perfusion
Clotting
Edema
Increased intracranial pressure
Cortical irritation
Physiology
Normal Cerebral Blood Flow
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Oxygen
Glucose
20% of Cardiac Output / Oxygen
Arterial supply to the brain:
– Internal carotid (anteriorly)
– Vertebral arteries (posteriorly)
• Venous drainage
– 2 sets of veins - venous plexuses
• Dural sinuses to internal jugular veins
• Sagittal sinus to vertebral veins
– No valves, depend on gravity and venous pressure
gradient for flow
Risk Factors
NON-MODIFIABLE
 Age
 2/3 over 65
 Gender
 M=F
 Female>fatality
 Race
 AA > hispanics, NA
 Asians > hem
 Heredity
 Family history
 Previous TIA/CVA
MODIFIABLE
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Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Heart disease
A-fib
Asymptomatic carotid stenosis
Hyperlipidemia
Obesity
Oral contraceptive use
Heavy alcohol use
Physical inactivity
Sickle cell disease
Smoking
Procedure precautions
Etiology
Ischemic Stroke
Embolism
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Atrial fib
Sinoatrial D/O
Recent MI
Endocarditis
Cardiac tumors
Valvular D/O
Patent foramen ovale
Carotid/basilar artery stenosis
Atherosclerotic lesions
Vasculitis
Prothrombotic states
• Hemostatic regulatory
protein abnormalities
• Antiphospholipid antibodies
• Hep cofactor II
Etiology
Hemorrhagic Stroke
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Chronic HTN**
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy*
Anticoagulation*
AVM
Ruptured aneurysm (usually subarachnoid)
Tumor
Sympathomimetics
Infection
Trauma
Transformation of ischemic stroke
Physical exertion, Pregnancy
Post-operative
Aneurysm
• Localized dilation of arterial lumen
• Degenerative vascular disease
• Bifurcations of circle of Willis
– 85% anterior
– 15% posterior
Aneurysm
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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SAH
Mortality 70%
97% HA
Nuchal rigidity
Fever
Photophobia
Lethargy
Nausea
Vomiting
Aneurysm/SAH
• Complications
– HCP (hydrocephalus)
– Vasospasm
• Triple H Therapy
– HTN
– Hemodilution
– Hypervolemia
• Surgical treatment
– Clip
– Coil
• Surgical Coil
– INR
Nursing Management
• Assessment
• Monitoring
– BP
– TCDs
– CBC
• Preventing complications
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Bowel program
DVT prophylaxis
Siezure prophylaxis
Psychological support
Discharge planning
Arteriovenous Malformations
• AVM
– Tangled mass of arteries and veins
– Seizure or ICH
Treatment
AVM
• Endovascular
• Neurosurgery
• Radiosurgery
Presentation
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Sudden onset
Focal neurological deficit
Progresses over minutes to hours
HA, N/V, <<LOC, HTN
Depends on location
Stroke Symptoms include:
• SUDDEN numbness or weakness of face, arm or leg
• SUDDEN confusion, trouble speaking or
understanding.
• SUDDEN trouble with vision
• SUDDEN trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or
coordination
• SUDDEN severe HA
Manifestations
by Vessel
• Vertebral Artery
– Pain in face, nose, or eye
– Numbness and weakness of face (involved side)
– Gait disturbances
– Dysphagia
– Dysarthria (motor speech)
Manifestations
by Vessel
• Internal Carotid Artery
– Contralateral paralysis (arm, leg, face)
– Contralateral sensory deficits
– Aphasia (dominant hemisphere involvement)
– Apraxia (motor task),
– Agnosia (obj. recognition),
– Unilateral neglect (non-dominant hemisphere
involvement)
– Homonymous hemianopia
Manifestations & Complications
by Body System
• Neurological
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Hyperthermia
Neglect syndrome
Seizures
Agnosias (familiar obj)
– Communication deficits
• Aphasia (expressive,
receptive, global)
• Agraphia
– Visual deficits
• Homonymous
hemianopia
• Diplopia
• Decreased acuity
• Decreased blink reflex
Manifestations & Complications
by Body System
 Neurological (cont.)
 Cognitive changes
 Memory loss
 Short attention
span
 Poor judgment
 Disorientation
 Poor problemsolving ability
– Behavioral changes
• Emotional lability
• Loss of inhibitions
• Fear
• Hostility
Manifestations & Complications
by Body System
• Musculoskeletal
– Hemiplegia or
hemiparesis
– Contractures
– Bony ankylosis
– Disuse atrophy
– Dysarthria - word
formation
– Dysphagia – swallow
– Apraxia – complex
movements
– Flaccidity/spasticity
• GU
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Incontinence
Frequency
Urgency
Urinary retention
Renal calculi
Manifestations & Complications
by Body System
• Integument
– Pressure ulcers
• Respiratory
– Respiratory center damage
– Airway obstruction
– Decreased cough ability
• GI
– Dysphagia
– Constipation
– Stool impaction
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Initial Stroke Assessment/Interventions
Neurological assessment
Call “Stroke Alert” Code
Ensure patient airway
VS
IV access (What size?)
Maintain BP within parameters (check MAP)
Position head midline
HOB 30 (if no shock/injury)
CT, blood work, data collection
NIH Stroke Scale
Anticipate thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke
NIH Stroke Scale Score
• Standardized method
– measures degree of stroke r/t impairment and change in a
patient over time.
• Helps determine if degree of disability merits treatment with tPA.
– As of 2008 stroke patients scoring greater than 4 points can be
treated with tPA.
• Standardized research tool to compare efficacy stroke treatments
and rehabilitation interventions.
• Measures several aspects of brain function, including
consciousness, vision, sensation, movement, speech, and language
not measured by Glasgow coma scale.
NIH Stroke Scale
Handout
Current NIH Stroke Score guidelines
for measuring stroke severity:
Points are given for each impairment.
0= no stroke
1-4= minor stroke
5-15= moderate stroke
15-20= moderate/severe stroke
21-42= severe stroke
A maximal score of 42 represents
the most severe and devastating
stroke.
Acute Stroke Times
Question
 A patient is admitted to the hospital with a
left hemiplegia. To determine the size and
location and to ascertain whether a stroke
is ischemic or hemorrhagic, the nurse
anticipated that the health care provider
will request a
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A. CT scan.
B. lumbar puncture.
C. cerebral angiogram.
D. PET scan.
Diagnostics
Tests for the Emergent Evaluation of the Patient with Acute
Ischemic Stroke
• CT head (-)
• Electrocardiogram
• Chest x-ray
• Hematologic studies (complete blood count, platelet count,
prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time)
• Serum electrolytes
• Blood glucose
• Renal and hepatic chemical analyses
• National Institute of Health Scale (NIHSS) score
Diagnostics
Ischemic Stroke
Hemorrhagic Stoke
Medical Management
• BP
• Fluid management
– MAP
– CPP
• Factor VII, Vit K, FFP
• ICP
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HOB
Sedation
Osmotherapy
Hyperventilation
Paralytics
– euvolemia
• Seizure prophylaxis
– Keppra
– Dilantin
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Sedation
Body temperature
PT/OT/ST
DVT prophylaxis
Treatment
Ischemic
• Medical management
• tPA
• Endovascular
– Carotid endarectomy
– Merci clot removal
Hemorrhagic
• Medical management
• Decompression
– Craniotomy
– Craniectomy
• Clot removal
PT/OT/ST
REHABILITATION
Medications
 Anti-coagulants – A fib & TIA
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Antithrombotics
Calcium channel blockers – Nimotop (nimodipine)
Corticosteroids ???
Diuretics – Mannitol, Lasix (Furosemide)
Anticonvulsants – Dilantin (phenytoin) or Cerebyx
(Fosphenytoin Sodium Injection)
 Thrombolytics - tPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen
activator)
Medications
• Thrombolytics Recombinant Alteplase (rtPA)
Activase, Tissue plasminogen activator
– Treatment must be initiated promptly after CT to R/O
bleed
• Systemic within 3 hours of onset of symptoms
• Intra-arterial within 6 hours of symptoms
– Some exclusions:
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Seizure at onset
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Trauma within 3 months
History of prior intracranial hemorrhage
AV malformation or aneurysm
Surgery 14 days, pregnancy,
Cardiac cath. 7 days
Neurosurgical Management
• Craniotomy
– Craniotomy Procedure
• Craniectomy
Neurosurgical Management
• EVD placement
• ICP monitor placement
Recommendations for Surgical
Treatment of ICH
• Nonsurgical candidates
– Small hemorrhage
– Minimal deficit
– GCS </= 4 (unless brain
stem compression)
– Loss of brainstem fxn
– Severe coagulopathy
– Basal ganglion or thalamic
• Surgical candidates
– >3cm
• Neuro deficit
• Brain stem compression
• HCP
– Aneurysm, AVM,
cavernous hemangioma
– Young with mod/large
lobar hemorrhage and
clinical deterioration
Question
• A carotid endarectomy is being considered as
treatment for a patient who has had several TIAs.
The nurse explains to the patient that this surgery
– A. is used to restore blood circulation to the brain
following an obstruction of a cerebral artery.
– B. involves intracranial surgery to join a superficial
extracranial artery to an intracranial artery.
– C. involves removing an atherosclerotic plaque in the
carotid artery to prevent an impending stroke.
– D. is used to open a stenosis in a carotid artery with a
balloon and stent to restore cerebral circulation.
Standing Orders
• Per facility policy
Nursing Concerns
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Medical management!
Post-op care
Mobilization
Nutrition
Constipation
Skin
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Infection
Patient/family teaching
Follow-up
Medications
Resources available
Question
• An essential intervention in the emergency
management of the patient with a stroke is
– A. intravenous fluid replacement.
– B. administration of osmotic diuretics to
reduce cerebral edema.
– C. initiation of hypothermia to decrease oxygen
needs of the brain.
– D. maintenance of respiratory function with a
patent airway and oxygen administration.
Nursing Diagnosis
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Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion
Impaired mobility
Self-care deficit
Impaired verbal communication
Impaired swallowing
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
– Goal is to maintain cerebral perfusion
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Monitor respiratory status
Auscultate, monitor lung sounds
Suction as needed – increases ICP (< 10 seconds)
Place in side-lying position (secretions)
O2 as needed/prescribed
Assess LOC, other neuro vital signs
NIH Stroke Scale
Glasgow Coma Scale – Eyes, Verbal, & Motor
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (cont)
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Monitor strength/reflexes
Assess for HA, sluggish pupils, posturing
Monitor cardiac status
Monitor I&O’s
– Can get DI as result of pituitary gland damage
• Monitor seizure activity
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Impaired Physical Mobility
– Goal is to maintain and improve functioning
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Active ROM for unaffected extremities
Passive ROM for affected extremities
Q2 hr turns
Assess for thrombophlebitis
Confer with PT for movement and positioning
techniques for each stage of rehab
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Impaired Physical Mobility
Flaccidity & spasticity
Meds used to treat spasticity:
Kemstro or Lioresal (baclofen)
Valium (diazepam)
Dantrium (dantrolene sodium)
Zanaflex (tizanidine hydrochloride)
New drugs being tried –
– Neurontin (Gabapentin) & Botox (botulinum toxin)
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Self-Care Deficit
– Goals are to promote functional ability, increase
independence, improve self-esteem
• Encourage use of unaffected arm in ADLs
• Self-dressing (using unaffected side to dress affected
side first)
• Sling or support for affected arm
• Confer with OT for techniques to promote return to
independence
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Impaired Verbal Communication
– Goal is to increase communication
• Speak in normal tones unless there is a documented
hearing impairment
• Allow adequate time for responses
• Face center person when speaking, speak simply and
enunciate words
• If you don’t understand what the patient is saying, let them
know, and have them try again
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Impaired Verbal Communication (cont)
• Try alternate method of communication if needed
– Writing, computerized boards, etc
• Allow patient anger and frustration at loss of previous
functioning
• Allow patient to touch (hands, arms), may be the only
way of expressing (comfort, etc)
• If patient has visual disturbances:
– During initial phase of recovery, position where
patient can easily see you; in later stages, patient
can be directed to adjust position for visual
contact
Nursing Diagnoses/Interventions
• Impaired Swallowing
– Goal is safety, adequate nutrition, and hydration
• Position person upright, using puree or finely chopped
soft foods
• Hot or cold food or thickened liquids
• Teach patient to put food behind teeth on unaffected
side and tilt head backwards
• Check for food pockets, especially on affected side
• Have suctioning equipment at bedside
• Minimize distractions while eating
• Never leave patient with food etc. in mouth
Question
 A patient with a right hemisphere stroke has a
nursing diagnosis of unilateral neglect R/T sensoryperceptual deficits. During the patient’s
rehabilitation, it is important for the nurse to
 A. avoid positioning the patient on the affected side.
 B. place all objects for care on the patient’s unaffected
side.
 C. teach the patient to care consciously for the affected
side.
 D. protect the affected side from injury with pillows
and supports.
Question
 A patient who experienced a thrombotic
stroke and has residual hemiparesis of the
right side is undergoing rehabilitation. The
nurse caring for this pt reinforces OT
recommendations by placing items for
personal hygiene:
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A. on the overbed table on the right side.
B. on the overbed table on the left side.
C. one foot away from the bed on the right side.
D. one foot away from the bed on the left side.
Complications
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Increased intracranial pressure
Rebleeding
Vasospasm
HCP
Death
Outcomes
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Age
Size, volume
Location
HCP, IVH
Deficit, LOC, MAP
Duration
Co-morbidities
• 44% mortality
Evaluation
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Reduce mortality and morbidity
Baseline neurological function
Outcomes
Evidenced based practice
Patient/Family Education
• PREVENTION is key
– Smoking cessation
– Physical activity
• Weight reduction
– Diet
• Plavix
– LDL chol reduction
• Statins
• > HDL
– BP normalization
• ACE inhibitors
• ARB
• Thiazide diuretics
– Antiplatelet agents
• ASA
– DM
– ETOH
– Homocysteine reduction
Legal/Ethical Concerns
• Advanced directives
– MPOA
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Category status
Code status
Withdrawal of care
Palliative care
Placement
Resources
www.stroke.org -- National Stroke Association (800-7876537)
www.ninds.nih.gov -- National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke (800-352-9424)
www.naric.com -- National Rehabilitation Information
Center (8003462742)
www.aphasia.org -- National Aphasia Association (800922-4622)
www.aan.com -- American Academy of Neurology
www.dynamic-living.com -- Daily living products
www.ninds.nih.gov/doctors/NIH_Stroke_Scale.pdf -- NIH
stroke scoring system
www.strokecenter.org/trials -- Find a clinical trial on stroke
Question
• The incidence of ischemic stroke in patients
with TIAs and other risk factors is reduced
with the administration of
– A. furosemide (Lasix).
– B. lovastatin (Mevacor).
– C. daily low-dose aspirin (ASA).
– D. nimodipine (Nimotop).
Question
• A diagnosis of a ruptured cerebral
aneurysm has been made in a patient with
manifestations of a stroke. The nurse
anticipates that treatment options that
would be evaluated for the patient include
a. hyperventilation therapy.
b. surgical clipping of the aneurysm.
c. administration of hypersomotic agents.
d. administration of thrombolytic therapy.
Question
• A nursing intervention that is indicated for
the patient with hemiplegia is
– A. the use of a footboard to prevent plantar
flexion.
– B. immobilization of the affected arm against
the chest with a sling.
– C. positioning the patient in bed with each
joint lower that the joint proximal to it.
– D. having the patient perform passive ROM of
the affected limb with the unaffected limb.
Question
 The nurse can assist the patient and the family
in coping with the long-term effects of a stroke
by
 A. informing the family members that the patient will
need assistance with almost all ADLs.
 B. explaining that the patient’s prestroke behavior
will return as improvement progresses.
 C. encouraging the patient and family members to
seek assistance from family therapy or stroke
support group.
 D. helping the patient and family understand the
significance of residual stroke damage to promote
problem solving and planning.