Transcript The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System
By Julie & Jenna
Overall Function
 Comprised of ductless glands that secrete
hormones
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Hormones are “chemical messengers” that
transfer information from one set of cells to
another in order to coordinate the functions of
body.
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Steroids
Peptides
Amines
Glands
 Hypothalamus
 Center part of brain
 Regulates Metabolism & body temperature
 Somewhat controls pituitary gland with its
“releasing hormone”
 Pituitary
 Base of brain, under the Hypothalamus (pea
sized)
 “Master Gland”; it produces hormones that cause
the other glands to function properly
 Split into the 2 lobes (anterior & posterior)
Glands Cont’d
 Thyroid
 Front part of neck
 Regulates metabolism, bone growth &
nervous system development in children
 Helps maintain normal blood pressure, heart
rate, digestive patterns, muscle tone, and
reproductive function
 Parathyroid
 2 pairs embedded in the Thyroid
 Regulates calcium levels in the blood as well
as metabolism
Glands Cont’d
 Adrenal
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Triangle shaped gland located stop each
kidney
2 main parts
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Adrenal Cortex: outside of gland-corticosteroids
(control metabolism, balance of body salt and
water levels, and have an immune function)
Adrenal Medulla: inside of gland-catecholamine
(control adrenaline, heart rate, blood pressure,
and cope with stress
Glands Cont’d
 Reproductive
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Sex-hormones
Male testes: testosterone
Female ovaries: estrogen & progesterone
 Pineal
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Middle of brain
Deals with the hormone Melatonin in order to
regulate wake/sleep cycle
Glands Cont’d
 Pancreas
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Behind the stomach, back of abdomen
Hormonal functions & aids digestion
2 parts
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Exocrine pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes
Endocrine pancreas - insulin & glucagons which
regulate glucose levels in blood
Glands Cont’d
 Kidney
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Lower abdomen, towards the back
Considered part of the endocrine system
because they have some hormonal
interactions with the adrenal glands & the rest
of the body
 Thymus
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Upper chest behind the breastbone
2 lobes which join in front of the trachea
Important immune function
Diabetes
 Body does not produce or properly use
insulin
 Hormone used to convert sugar,
starches, etc into energy needed for
daily life
 Two types of tests
 Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG)
 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Pre-Diabetes
 Blood Glucose Levels are higher
than normal but not high enough to
be diagnosed as diabetes.
 No symptoms
 Treatment
 Eat a healthy diet
 Lose weight (5-10%)
 Exercise
Type 1 Diabetes
 Body does not produce insulin
 Children & young adults
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Type 1 Diabetes Cont’d
 Symptoms
 Increased
thirst
 Frequent urination
 Weight loss
 Extreme hunger
 Fatigue
 Blurred vision
 Treatment
 Insulin injections
 No oral medication
Type 2 Diabetes
 Often hereditary
 Obesity is a major factor
 Most common
 Adult-onset
 Body doesn’t produce enough
insulin or islet cells ignore the
insulin
Type 2 Diabetes Cont’d
 Symptoms
Same as Type 1 +
 Headaches
 Slow healing cuts or sores
 Frequent yeast infections
 Itching
 Numbness/tingling in hands & feet
 Dark skin changes in neck, armpit, & groin
 Treatments
 Oral Medication
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 Insulin
shots may have to be prescribed
Gestational Diabetes
 Occurs only during pregnancy
Placenta produces hormones which impair
the action of insulin in the tissues
 When blood sugar levels rise too high, it
can effect the growth & development of the
baby
 No noticeable signs or symptoms but may
cause increased thirst & urination
 A doctor will address it
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Gestational Diabetes Cont’d
 Treatments
Diet
 Exercise
 Medication
 Insulin injections
 Oral
 Blood Sugar monitoring (4-5 times a day)
 Draw blood from tip of finger & place on
test strip & put into glucose meter
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Advancements in Diabetes Research
 Comfort Curve strip by Accu-Check
 One Touch UltraSmart Meter
 Stem Cell Research
 Discovery of 6 new genes associated with the
onset of type 2 diabetes
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Europe, EURODIA & EUGENE2 projects
 Reimplantation
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Implantable insulin pump
Endocrine Disorders
Cushing’s Syndrome
 Exogenous & Endogenous
 Causes: too much cortisol in the blood for an
extended period of time
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Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the
adrenal glands (located above the kidneys)
In normal amounts, it helps the body convert
fat to energy, maintain immune system
function, maintain blood pressure and
cardiovascular function, and respond to stress
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d
 Causes continued…
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Exogenous-Occurs in patients taking cortisollike medications. These meds are usually
used to treat inflamfamatory disorders like
asthma. It is temporary and goes away when
the patient finishes the course of medication
Endogenous- Much rarer, caused by tumor(s)
on the adrenal glands or the pituitary gland (at
the base of the brain). These tumors produce
too much cortisol
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d
 Effects:
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Exogenous: Cushing’s will go away but if a
person starts taking medications again for an
issue like asthma, for example, it can start up
again and thus medications must be taken
Endogenous: With surgery, the body’s
production of ACTH drops two levels below
normal. As compensation, patients take a
synthetic form or cortisol. Some have to take
this for 1-2 years while others must be on it for
life.
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d
 Symptoms:
 Weight Gain (especially in the upper body)
 High blood sugar (diabetes)
 High blood pressure (hypertension)
 Thin bones (osteoporosis)
 Muscle Loss
 Purple/red stretch marks usually over the
abdomen and under the arms)
 Too much facial hair in women
 Poor height growth and obesity in children
 Weakness
 Easily-bruised, fragile skin
 Reduced sex drive
 Inability to think clearly/depression
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d
 Treatments: Depends on the cause
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Exogenous – When the patient slows down
and eventually stops taking the cortisol-like
medications, Cushing’s syndrome will go away
Endogenous – The first approach is usually to
have surgery which will remove the tumor(s). If
this isn’t successful, patients can undergo
radiation therapy, or drugs to lower cortisol
production, or the removal of the adrenal
glands
Endocrine Disorders
Addison’s Disease
 AKA Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
 Causes: The adrenal glands (located at the
top of each kidney) produce and insufficient
amount of steroid hormones, despite having
the right amount of ACTH, a hormone that
tells the adrenal glands to release steroids
 Effects: Treatments usually have to be
continued for life.. As long as a person
continues their dosage schedule, they can
maintain a normal lifestyle.
Addison’s Cont’d
 Symptoms
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Fatigue/Weakness
Loss of Appetite
Gastrointestinal problems (nausea, vomiting, etc)
Darkening of the skin on the face, neck and back
of hands
Low blood pressure
A craving for salt (due to salt loss)
Dehydration
Sudden penetrating pain in the lower back,
abdomen, or legs
Addison’s Cont’d
 Treatments
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Replacing or substituting the hormones that
the adrenal glands are not making.
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Medication can be taken orally
Standard therapy included intravenous injections
of hydrocortisone, saline (salt water), and
dextrose (sugar)
Citations
 http://www.hormone.org/Resources/Adrenal/loader.cfm?csModule=sec
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urity/getfile&pageid=874
http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system_diseases.cfm
http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/addison/addison.htm#sympto
ms
http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.htm#treatm
ent
http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/type-1
diabetes/DS00329/DSECTION=symptoms
http://www.endocrineweb.com/diabetes/1diabetes.html
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/type-2-diabetes/overview.html
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gestationaldiabetes/DS00316/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs
http://www.eubusiness.com/Health/diabetes-research-eu.1/
More Citations
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http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/_bfs_ESmoviesource.html
http://www.med.howard.edu/physio.biophys/MILLIS%20H
OME%20PAGE_files/endocrine%20lecture.ppt#293,22,fee
dbackloops/
http://www.iwu.edu/~bkauth/330/3305.PPT#256,1,THEendocrinesystem
www.barstow.edu/faculty/rstinson/Human%20Anatomy/En
docrine%20System.pdf
www.kidskonnect.com/content/view/337/27/
www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookE
NDOCR.html
www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/online/serve.cgi/squi
zzes/biology/endo.html?question_hide
www.hormone.org/endo101