Transcript First Aid and CPR Training

First Aid and CPR
Training
Black Hills High School
Freshmen PE/Health
Objectives
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Describe role and responsibilities of a first
aid provider
Able to provide and administer first aid &/or
CPR
Describe Universal Precautions & body
substance isolation
Have knowledge of God Samaritan Law
What to expect when you call 911
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Dial 9-1-1, here at BHHS 9-9-1-1
“Do you need police, fire, or medical aid?,” “911,
What are you reporting?”
Be prepared to answer:
What’s the problem?
What’s approx. age?
Is he/she conscious?
Is he/she breathing?
Patient Assessment
Primary Assessment
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Put on gloves
Ask patient—”What happened? How can I help you?
Where do you hurt?”
A-Airway
B-Breathing
C-Circulation
D-Defibrillation
What does skin look or feel like?
Head to toe sweep of major bleeding or other obvious
injury
Monitor level of consciousness
Primary Care
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Head Stabilization. Tell patient not to move.
Keep head immobile if injured.
Expose and control all bleeding
Natural position of patient, keep warm, &
treat for shock if needed
Medical History
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Signs and symptoms
Allergies?
Medications?
Previous and current medical history
Last meal
Events leading up to incident
Secondary Survey
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Medic alert tag on wrist
Head to toe
CPR
Check for safety
 Talk & Touch
“Are you okay.” Gentle touch
 Call for help/activate EMS system, 911,
Help!, You go call 9-1-1 and come back!
 Open and Maintain Airway—head tilt, chin lift, look
carefully in mouth.
 Check for breathing
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Check for breathing
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Look
Listen
Feel for at least 5-10 seconds
Ventilate
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Head tilt; chin up
Plug nose & give two breaths (about one
second long)
Watch chest rise.
If chest does not rise, try again
Begin Chest Compressions
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Two hands, overlapped midline of nipple
1-1/2- 2 inches deep
2 breaths, 30 compressions
Stop recheck, 5 intervals and then recheck.
Rate of 100 compressions in one minute!
“Staying Alive Beat!”
Child CPR
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Follow same ABC’s
Compressions; one hand, one inch deep
2 breaths, 30 compressions
Re-check, 5 intervals
Infant CPR
Follow ABC’s
 Two fingers to sternum
 2 puffs, 30 compressions,
(Two puffs—enough to fill your cheeks)
 Recheck, 5 intervals
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Adult CPR
CPR for Children (Ages 1-8)
CLICK HERE FOR A VIDEO DEMONSTRATION
CPR for children is similar CPR for adults. The compression to ventilation ratio is 30:2. There are, however, 3 differences.
PRACTICE!!!!!
Infant CPR
This is an AED
Automatic External Defibrillator
(AED)
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Cost $1,000-$3,000.
Airplanes, airports, shopping centers,
schools, everywhere
BHHS—Nurse station
85% of adults go into abnormal heart
rhythm before their heart totally stops.
This rhythm is usually called ventricular
fibrillation
AED’s con’t
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The electrical shock is used to stop this
quivering rhythm and allows the heart to restart in the normal squeezing action.
AN AED will not allow shock a patient that
does not need it.
CPR and AED….
Airway
 Breathing
 Circulation
 Defibrillation: listen to it’s instructions
Special Circumstances:
Wet surfaces---not a good idea. Only for
victims older than one year of age.
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Special considerations AED
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Use pediatric pads if available
Remove medication patches on chest
Do not place de-fib patches over implanted
devices, give 1” clearance
De-fib patches placed on right upper portion of
chest & below collar bone above nipple.
Patches on bare skin—may need to remove hair
While the machine is in use DO NOT touch the
patient during analysis and shock.
CPR Quiz
1. Victim responsiveness is checked by:
a.) Shaking and shouting at the victim
b.) Patting gently on shoulder asking if they are
alright
c.) Checking pulse
2. If victim is unresponsive, you should:
a.) Dial 9-1-1 before starting CPR
b.) Start CPR before dialing 9-1-1
c.) Dial 9-1-1 and wait for the arrival
3. To check if victim is breathing, you should:
a.) Listen for exhaled air
b.) Feel for exhaled air
c.) Watch rise and fall of chest
d.) All of the above
4. The most common airway obstruction is:
a.) Dentures
b.) Food
c.) Tongue
d.) none of these
5. The technique used to clear the victim’s
airway is:
a.) Lift chin up, tilt head back
b.) Push chin down, tilt head forward
c.) lift chin up, turn head sideways
6. When ventilating an unconscious victim:
a.) Pinch the victim’s nose closed.
b.) Do not over-inflate the victim’s lungs
c.) Allow the victim exhale on his own
d.) All of the above.
7. When administering compressions, the
rule to remember is:
a.) 1 hand, 1 inch for children
b.)1/2 hand, ½ inch for infants
c.)2 hands, 2 inches for adults
d.) All of the above
Answers: b,a,d,b,a,d,d
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Are you choking?
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9-1-1
Find correct hand positions (midline,
just above navel)
Give abdominal thrusts
Inward and upward until obstruction is
removed
Most often obstruction is tongue!
If pregnant...or too large to get
arms around
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Place fist in center, thrusts instead of abdominal
thrusts.
Alone…..bend over a chair and thrust
Infant….holding baby turn on their
stomach use ridge of hand thrusts to
their back
Infant
Bloodborne Pathogens
What is true exposure?
Needlestick
Blood or bodily fluids
Mouth to mouth
Breathing airborne pathogens
Human Bite
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Hepatitis, HIV,
tuberculosis,
meningitis, measles,
chicken pox, &
MRSA!
MRSA
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MRSA infection is caused by
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria — often
called "staph." MRSA stands for methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. It's a
strain of staph that's resistant to the broadspectrum antibiotics commonly used to
treat it. MRSA can be fatal. Looks like….
Hepatitis A
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The hepatitis A virus is found in the stools (feces) of people with
hepatitis A. It is transmitted when a person puts something in his or
her mouth that has been contaminated with the feces of an affected
person. This is referred to as fecal-oral transmission.
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If food or drinking water becomes contaminated with stool from an
infected person (usually because of inadequate hand washing or poor
sanitary conditions), the virus can quickly spread to anyone who
drinks or swallows the contaminated food or water.
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The virus can also be spread by eating raw or undercooked shellfish
collected from water that has been contaminated by sewage.
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The hepatitis A virus can be transmitted through blood transfusions,
although this is extremely rare.
Hepatitis B
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The hepatitis B virus is known as a bloodborne virus because it is transmitted from one
person to another via blood.
Semen and saliva, which contain small
amounts of blood, also carry the virus.
The virus can be transmitted whenever any of
these bodily fluids come in contact with the
broken skin or a mucous membrane (in the
mouth, genital organs, or rectum) of an
uninfected person.
Hepatitis C
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HCV is not related to the other viruses that cause hepatitis. Like the other
hepatitis viruses, however, it is contagious. The hepatitis C virus is
transmitted mainly by contact with blood or blood products.
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Sharing of contaminated needles among IV drug users is the most common mode of
transmission. Using a needle to inject recreational drugs, even once several years ago, is a
risk factor for hepatitis C.
Transfusion with infected blood or blood products, hemodialysis, or transplantation of
organs from infected donors was once a common mode of transmission but is now rare.
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In 1992, a test became available for checking blood for HCV. Blood and blood
products are now tested to ensure that they are not contaminated. As a result,
cases of hepatitis C related to transfusion, hemodialysis, or transplantation
have dropped to almost zero since then. Transfusion of blood or blood
products before 1992 is a risk factor for hepatitis C.
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Less common causes of HCV transmission include the following:
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From mother to infant at the time of childbirth
Through sexual intercourse with an infected person: Having multiple sex partners is a risk
factor.
Needle sticks with HCV-contaminated blood: This is mostly seen in health care workers.
The risk of developing HCV infection after a needle stick is about 5-10%.
You cannot get hepatitis C by living with, being near, or touching someone
with the disease. You can get the disease by sharing a razor, nail clippers, or
other such items with an infected person.
HIV
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HIV is transmitted when the virus enters the body, usually by injecting infected
cells or semen. There are several possible ways in which the virus can enter.
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Most commonly, HIV infection is spread by having sex with an infected
partner. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva,
penis, rectum, or mouth during sex.
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HIV frequently spreads among injection-drug users who share needles or
syringes that are contaminated with blood from an infected person.
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Women can transmit HIV to their babies during pregnancy or birth, when
infected maternal cells enter the baby's circulation.
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HIV can be spread in health-care settings through accidental needle sticks or
contact with contaminated fluids.
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Very rarely, HIV spreads through transfusion of contaminated blood or blood
components. Blood products are now tested to minimize this risk. If tissues or
organs from an infected person are transplanted, the recipient may acquire
HIV. Donors are now tested for HIV to minimize this risk.
Personal Protective Equipment
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Gloves
CPR shields OR masks with one-way valve
Eye protection
Respiratory protection
Proper Hand Washing most effective method to
prevent spread of germs
Post exposure follow-up with a physician
Cleaning up Blood
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1 part bleach to 10 parts water
Only use luke warm water or cold water,
Hot water destroys chlorine
Bleach will only live in the water for 24 hours.
Must be fresh mix!
If you have the Purell gel packs that would work if
you have nothing else.
Put all contaminated towels and waste in a Red
Bag or other appropriate sealed, labeled
(Biohazard symbol or label), leak-proof container
Bleeding and Wounds
Average adult has 10-12 pints of blood
1 pint loss- Shock unlikely
2 pints loss- symptoms of shock evident
3-4 pints of loss- can/will be life threatening
(FYI) When you give blood you donate 1 unit—just
under a pint of blood
Color of blood can help…..
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Dark Red, possible bluish, flow is strong
and steady……………….VEIN
Bright Red, spurting…….ARTERY
Oozes…………………….CAPILLARY
#1 If unconscious A.B.C.’s
#2 Stop open bleeding wounds with direct
pressure
Direct Pressure
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Direct pressure from gloved hand. Sterile
compression to the entire wound-wrap
towards the heart
Elevate—raise limb above heart
Ice– Ice pack on top of bandage. Never ice
directly to skin.
Pressure points brachial artery, femoral
artery
SHOCK
Shock is inadequate supply of oxygen to vital
organs/body tissue. May accompany any
illness or injury
#1 Check level of consciousness
#2 A, B, C’s
#3 Control bleeding
#4 Treat in position
#5 DO NOT GIVE FLUID
#6 Speak calmly see if you can help them through.
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Sprains, and Fractures
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Allow patient to find their natural
comfortable position
Keep injured area immobile
Cold packs
Head and spine injury
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Immobilize head, back, and neck.
Do not move patient
Use head tilt only if airway management is
needed
Concussion
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Violent vomiting, blacking out is severe
needs to be seen by physician
Headache, stomach ache, feeling
nauseous needs to be seen by a physician
Pupils not same in size
Do not have the patient go to sleep within
two hours of injury
Allergies
Nuts, bees, aspirin, seafood, medications, etc.
Swelling of face, eyes, tongue, and/or throat
Breathing difficulty
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Call 9-1-1
May need to administer epi-pen (if known they use)
but still will need to be seen by physician within
two hours
Poisoning
Call 9-1-1
 They will connect with poison control
center
 Information from witnesses:
What was it?
How much was ingested?
When taken?
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Seizures
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Do not put anything in mouth
Protect patient, put something soft
underneath head
Roll on side, if possible, after seizure
Call 9-1-1
Burns
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Provide immediate cooling to burns without
broken tissue (cold water 25 times faster
than air). Then dry.
Bandage burns loosely with clean, lint-free
cloth.
Do not use creams, butter, ointments, etc.
Chemical Burns (to eyes too)
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Flood the affected area with water for
minimum of 15 minutes
Remove all contaminated clothing,
especially shoes.
Dress affected areas with sterile or clean
dressings
Asthma
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Determine if they have asthma. If they are wheezing, they might be unable to
answer. Whatever their response, get them to sit down. Many times, asthmatics will
sit in a "tripod" position; this is when they place their hands on their knees or legs
and lean forward in a sitting position, creating a tripod. This position helps relieve
pressure on the diaphragm and allows for greater lung expansion. Getting them to
answer will help you determine the severity of the attack. If the person can talk in
complete sentences, they are not having SEVERE difficulty breathing.
Make them sit down. Standing and laying down are bad position for an asthmatic to
be in, as it puts pressure on the lungs. Make them sit down, but be ready to support
them if they collapse.
Find their inhaler. Most asthmatics will have an inhaler. This is usually blue, brown
or red and in the shape of an L.
Let them administer medication. Give them the inhaler; don't try to administer it
yourself. Inhalers have to be timed, and you can make them choke if you try it
yourself. Let them handle it. Do not be alarmed by how many puffs they take. It is
very difficult to sustain any harm from an inhaler overdose, so let the patient do
whatever they feel is necessary.
Wait for recovery. Inhalers work almost immediately. If their breathing returns to
normal, relax and call an ambulance. Although they may be breathing now, their
body will be deprived of oxygen. They need medical treatment anyway. If their
breathing doesn't return to normal call an ambulance and stay with them. It may be
an allergy. Treat it as such.
Chest pain and heart attacks
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Pain in chest
Numbness in limbs
Nausea, weakness, shortness of breath,
sweaty, cool, and PALE.
Anxiety, denial
Toothache (location of heart attack)
CALL 9-1-1
Stroke
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Numbness, paralysis of one side of
face/body. One side of face droops
Inability to speak normally
Pupils may be unequal
CALL 9-1-1
Diabetes
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Extreme thirst
Not enough insulin, plenty of sugar
Insulin Shock
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Hunger, dizziness
Too much insulin, not enough sugar
****Best to give sugar, under lip****
Tooth falls out
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Save it
Keep wet and moist
Keep in cup of MILK
Hypothermia
Cooling of the body to a dangerously low
level
#1 Protect from further heat loss, remove wet
clothes and replace with dry
#2 Call 9-1-1
#3 Monitor A,B,C’s
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Frost Bite/Frost Nip
Freezing of body Tissue
#1 Protect from further cooling
#2 DO NOT RUB OR MANIPULATE THE
EXTREMETIES. DO NOT GIVE COFFEE<
ALCOHOL< OR OTHER DRUGS. DO NOT
PUT IN BATH OR SHOWER.
#3 9-1-1.
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Heat Exhaustion
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Excessive loss of body fluid and electrolytes.
#1 Give fluids if conscious
#2 Use plain water
#3 Cool patient as quickly as possible, use cold
water, cold bath, or blow cold air on patient using
ice and fan.
#4 Call 9-1-1
#5 Watch for possible seizures
So much more……
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Snake bites
Bug bites
Electrical injuries
Bullet holes, stabbing, impaled objects
Drug overdose
Alcohol poisoning
Never hesitate to call 9-1-1
Good Samaritan Law
is a legal principle that prevents a rescuer
who has voluntarily helped a victim in
distress from being successfully sued for
'wrongdoing.' Its purpose is to keep people
from being so reluctant to help a stranger in
need for fear of legal repercussions if they
made some mistake in treatment.
First Aid Quiz
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http://www.firstaidweb.com/firstaid_quiz.html
El Fin
What to do next…..
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Complete and submit CPR question and
your answers along with First Aid Quiz
answers
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Comments/Suggestions?