Transcript The Urinary System

The Urinary System
Medical Terminology – Chapter 9
Functions of the Urinary System
 Maintains
the proper balance of water,
salts, and acids in the body fluids by
removing excess fluids from the body
or reabsorbing water as needed.
 Constantly filters the blood to remove
urea and other waste materials from
the bloodstream. Urea is the major
waste product of protein metabolism.
 Converts
these waste products and
excess fluids into urine.
 KIDNEYS:
(nephr/o, ren/o)
 Renal pelvis: inside the kidney. Word
root = pyel/o.
 Waste
products pass through a series
of urine-collecting tubules and are
transported to the renal pelvis before
entering the ureters.
 Renal cortex: outer layer of kidney.
 Medulla: inner layer of the kidney;
contains most of the urine-collecting
tubules.
 Nephrons:
the functional units.
 They form urine by the processes of
filtration, reabsorption & secretion.
 Each nephron contains a glomerulus
– a cluster of capillaries surrounded by
a membrane called the Bowman’s
capsule.
 Blood
flows into the kidney through the
renal artery. Then, it is filtered and
leaves through the renal vein.
 Waste
products pass through a series
of urine-collecting tubules and are
transported to the renal pelvis before
entering the ureters.
 urochrome
is the pigment that gives
urine its yellow-amber or straw color.
 ur/o = urine; -chrome = color.
 The color of urine can be influenced by
normal factors such as the amount of
liquid consumed or by diseases and
medications.
(ureter/o) – narrow tubes 1012 inches long; carry urine from a
kidney to the bladder.
 Ureters
(cyst/o) – is a reservoir for
urine; holds about a pint of urine.
 Bladder:
Urethra (urethr/o)
 Extends
from the bladder to the
outside of the body.
 Two urinary sphincters, one located
at either end of the urethra, control the
flow of urine.
 Female urethra: approx. 1.5 in. long
 Male urethra: approx. 8 in. long.;
 Neck is surrounded by prostate gland
Excreting Urine (ur/o = urine)
 As
the bladder fills up, pressure is
placed on the base of the urethra,
resulting in the urge to urinate, or
void, or micturate.
 Nephrologist – specializes in
treatment of kidneys.
 Urologist – specializes in treatment of
the urinary system.
Pathology of the Urinary System
 Renal
failure, or kidney failure, is the
inability of kidneys to perform properly.
The body cannot replace damaged
nephrons.
 anuria – complete suppression of
urine formation (i.e. without urine)
 uremia – or uremic poisoning –
excessive amounts of urea and other
waste products in the bloodstream.
renal failure, or ARF – sudden
onset; characterized by uremia.
Causes include a drop in blood volume
or blood pressure due to injury or
surgery.
 chronic renal failure, or CRF, a
progressive disease. Dialysis or
kidney transplantation may be
required.
 acute
renal disease, or ESRD –
late stages of chronic renal failure.
 End-stage
syndrome – a group of
kidney diseases , including:
 edema – excessive fluid in body tissue
 Nephrotic
– high
concentrations of protein (albumin) in
the urine.
 hypoproteinuria low concentrations of
protein in the urine.
 hyperlipidemia – large amounts of
lipids in the blood.
 hyperproteinuria
Nephrosis / Nephropathy
nephropathy –
damage to the kidney vessels
caused by long-term diabetes.
 Diabetic
Kidney Diseases
– inflammation of
the kidneys involving the glomeruli.
Urine is dark brown or black; usually
related to an autoimmune problem.
 hydronephrosis – dilation or
enlargement of the renal pelvis due to
an obstruction of the flow of urine.
 glomerulonephritis
nephrectasis – dilation / stretching of a
kidney.
 nephritis – inflammation of a kidney.
 nephropyosis – formation of or discharge
of pus in the kidney.
 pyelitis – inflammation of the renal pelvis.
 pyelonephritis – inflammation of the renal
pelvis AND kidney.

Stones – (-lithiasis = presence of
stones)
A
stone is also called a calculus. It is
an abnormal mineral deposit. They
vary in size from small sand-like
granules to the size of marbles and are
named for the organ or tissue where
they are located.
 nephrolithiasis – presence of stones
in the kidney.
tract infection, or UTI –
usually begins in the bladder. More
common in women due to shortness of
the urethra.
 Is also referred to as a “bladder
infection.”
 Urinary
Abnormal urethral openings:
– male urethral opening is
located on the dorsal (upper surface)
of the penis.
 hypospadias – male urethral opening
is located on the undersurface of the
penis.
 paraspadias – male urethral opening
is on the side of the penis.
 epispadias
Urination
– increased excretion of urine
 dysuria – difficult or painful urination
 enuresis – involuntary discharge of
urine. Nocturnal enuresis is known as
bedwetting.
 nocturia – excessive urination during
the night.
 diuresis
– scanty or very little urine.
 polyuria – excessive urination.
 urinary retention – inability to void or
empty bladder, even if full.
 incontinence – inability to control
excretion (urinary or bowel).
 oliguria
stress incontinence –
inability to control the voiding of urine
under physical stress such as running,
sneezing, laughing, or coughing.
 urinalysis – the examination of urine
to determine the presence of abnormal
elements.
 urinary
Treatment Procedures
– a procedure to remove
waste products from the blood of
patients whose kidneys no longer
function. Two types:
 hemodialysis – filtering waste
products from the patient’s blood.
 peritoneal dialysis – removes waste
through fluid exchange in abdomen.
 dialysis
Polycystic kidney:
Diagnostic Procedures
 Catheterization
is the insertion of a
sterile catheter through the urethra into
the urinary bladder. This is most
commonly used to withdraw urine or
prevent incontinence during surgical
procedures.
– the visual examination
of the urinary bladder using a
cystoscope. It can also be used for
treatment procedures such as the
removal of tumors.
 Cystoscopy
– intravenous pyelogram – a
radiographic (X-ray) study of the
kidneys and ureters in which iodine is
injected into a vein as a contrast
medium to define these structures
more clearly.
 IVP
– (kidneys, ureters, bladder) – an
X-ray study of these structures without
the use of a contrast medium. It is
also referred to as a “flat-plate of the
abdomen”.
 KUB