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The First IFRC
International FA and
Resuscitation Guidelines
2011
DO WE NEED AN IFRC
GUIDELINE?
Future of First Aid
1. First aid policy implementation
2. Strategy 2020 – do more, do
better, reach further
Strengths
 Red Cross Recognition
 Combined resources of all National
Societies – science research, good
practices in different environment and
context
 Knowledge of the needs of communities and
citizens around the world with regard to FA
and resuscitation
 History of expertise in FA education
Weaknesses
 Limited resources in National Societies
 Staff
 Revenue
 Etc…
 Lack or limited scientific process and
support of FA program
Opportunities
 Establish Red Cross as both leader in:
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FA Education
FA Science
 Assist National Societies with
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Interpretation of science
Creation of either updated and new programs
 Begin an on-going Red Cross Scientific Process
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Disseminate science
Harmonize FA approaches and improve FA
education/ curriculum based on science
 Answer on-going science questions
 Provide view of future sciences and changes to FA
Threats
 Competition from other organizations in
different countries
 Different interpretation of science
 Difficulty in reaching and delivering programs to
community
 Loss of Red Cross Pre-eminence in
 First Aid
 Training of public
 Preparing communities
History
 ECC Guidelines
 Every 5 years evidence reviewed
 Guidelines published
 Commonly known
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CPR
PALS
ACLS
NRP
History
 First Aid Guidelines
 First published in 2000
 Mostly consensus
 Published Again in 2005
 Evidence based process
 US Focus
International First Aid Science Advisory Board
 Co-Chaired by
 ARC
 AHA
 Full Partnership of both organizations
 ARC was Co-Chair
 ARC has equal role in final approval of all
documents
 Full representation of IFRC since 2008 by a team
of 12 – a signed letter of agreement
Scope of First Aid
 The International First Aid Science
Advisory Board recognized that
 The scope of First Aid is not a purely
scientific one and is related to both
training and/or regulatory issues.
 The definition of scope is therefore
variable and should be defined
according to circumstances, need, and
regulatory requirements.
Evidence Review
 The evidence review by International First
Aid Science Advisory Board confirmed the
paucity of scientific evidence on First Aid
subjects.
 Many of the following recommendations
have been made by extrapolation from the
experience of health care professionals.
 Research is needed to ensure that future
guidelines are based on a larger body of
scientific evidence.
Outcome
 This critical review of the scientific
literature resulted in a Consensus on
Science for First Aid with Treatment
Recommendations, from which these
Guidelines are derived, and identified
areas for future scientific research.
First IFRC First Aid & Resuscitation Guidelines
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Based on the consensus of science

Purpose of the Guidelines – support NS to update its FA and
resuscitation knowledge/practice/education in their FA
materials according to the latest evidence based science
Goals
 Creation of International IFRC Guideline
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First Aid Guidelines
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Based on IFASAB CoSTR and other Red Cross Science
Interpreted for Red Cross Red Crescent National Societies
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–
–
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Audience
Environments
Purposes
Resuscitation Guidelines
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Based on ILCOR CoSTR and other Red Cross Science
Interpreted for Red Cross Red Crescent National Societies
–
–
–
Audience
Environments
Purposes
Document General Points
 Sections
 Introduction
 First Aid
 Resuscitation
 Psychology
 Education
 References
Document Key Points
 Target Audience
 National Societies
 NS Medical and scientific Advisory
Groups
 Course and program development staff
 Leadership volunteers
 Not targeted at lay pubic
Document General Points
 Availability
 Free to use but must be referenced
 Copyright
 IFRC - Copies and translations of all or
part of this document may be made for
non-commercial use, providing the
source is acknowledged. The
International Federation would
appreciate receiving details of its use.
Executive Summary
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Purpose of Document
History of Process
Where does this fit in IFRC FA Activities/Policy
Link to S2020 and FA Policy
Daily need and disaster need
Link of science to practice
Local adaptation
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Epidemiology
Cultural, religious, language
Medications
 Future updates, current science
General Principles
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Prevention
Personal Safety
Linkages to other healthcare
Update/re-training
Special Populations
 Target for training
 Patient/victim
 Ethics
General Approach to Patient/Victim
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Assessment
Airway
Patient Position
Call for help/EMS/further help
Major Sections
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First Aid
Resuscitation
Psychological Support/Mental Health
Education
Topics – First Aid
 Overview/Introduction
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History
 RC Movement
 Numbers, reach
Description of First Aid and definition
 Prevention
 Community, disaster, families, friends
 Different environments, developing countries
Scientific Foundation
 IFASAB CoSTR
 Red Cross Societies
First Aid Sub-Sections
 Medical Emergencies
 Injuries
 Environmental
Topics – First Aid Medical Emergencies
 Allergic Reaction
 Poisoning
 Breathing
difficulty
 Chest Pain
 Stroke
 Dehydration/GI
Distress
 Seizure
 Diabetic
 Medications
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Issues, role
Oxygen, ASA
 Shock
 Unconsciousness/
Altered Mental
Status
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Patient
Positioning
Topics – First Aid Injuries
 Foreign Body
Airway
Obstruction
 Burns
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Thermal,
electrical, etc../
 Bleeding
 Head and Spinal
Injury
 Chest and
Abdomen
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Injured extremity
Abrasion/wounds
Dental Injury
Eye Injuries
Chemical Injuries
Topics – First Aid Environmental
 Cold Emergencies/Injuries
 Heat Emergencies/Hypohydration
 Altitude
Topics First Aid Animal Bites and Stings
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Snake Bites
Marine Animals
Insect Bites and Stings
Animal Bites
Topics First Aid Drowning and SCUBA
 Drowning Process Resuscitation
 Cervical Spine Injury for Drowning
Victims
 SCUBA/Decompression Illness
Topics – Resuscitation
 Introduction/Overview
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History
Description of Resuscitation
Purpose of Document
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Scientific Foundation
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International recommendations
National societies may need to address their local resus
councils, etc…
ILCOR CoSTR
Red Cross Societies
Scope
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Resuscitation skills as performed by the same group of
individuals who would provide first aid
Scope of certification/training which society can provide
Mostly BLS/BPLS
Topics - Resuscitation
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Airway Obstruction
Artificial Respiration
CPR
AED
Methods of Providing Ventilations
Topics – Psychology
 Rescuer
 Patient/Victim
 Mental Illness
 Experiencing first aid emergency
 Other causes
Topics – Education
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Simulation
Retraining/updating
Evaluation/monitoring/feedback
Methodology
 Self-efficacy
 Competency Based
 Messaging
Approach to Guideline Sections
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Introduction
Summary of scientific foundation
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Referencing prior scientific review including worksheet
numbers, additional studies if strengthen or would lead to
major shift in recommendation
Guideline/Recommendation
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System to grade strength of guideline
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Recommendation
Option
Not Recommended
Implementation Considerations (only present if needed)
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Equipment
Regulatory, Legal
Environment/Context
Training
Strength of Guideline
Lessons learnt from using the Guideline to update
NS FA manuals in Belgium organised by the
Belgian RC – Flanders, January 2011
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Guideline is useful to provide evidence to guide the FA matérial
development
Interpretation and selection of guideline/recommendations/options
to be used and included in the FA matérials depends on:Target population – what level of FA do they need to learn?
The legislation of the country – what a first aid trained person/ volunteer is allowed to
do? This varies from country to country.
Is the training appropriate or/and adequate for the people to learn that particular
knowledge or skills included in the guideline/ recommendations/options?
Consider the most effective way for the target population’s learning .
Focal resource persons to advise
Africa zone

Dr Pascal Cassan, European Reference Centre for First Aid Education, IFRC [email protected]
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Mr Rick Caissie, Canadian Red Cross - [email protected]
America’s zone
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Dr Richard Bradley, American Red Cross [email protected]
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Mr Rick Caissie, Canadian Red Cross - [email protected]
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Ms Samantha Roberts, Grenada Red Cross - [email protected]
Asia Pacific zone
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Dr KL Chung, Hong Kong Red Cross - [email protected]
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Dr Shen Hong, Red Cross Society of China - [email protected]
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Dr David Markenson, American RC - [email protected]
Europe zone
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Dr Gabor Gobl, Hungarian Red Cross - [email protected]
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Dr Susanne Schunder-Tatzber, Austrian Red Cross - [email protected]
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Dr Pascal Cassan, European Reference Centre for First Aid Education, IFRC [email protected]
MENA zone
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Dr Mohamed Halbourni, Egytian RC - [email protected]

Dr David Markenson, American RC - [email protected]
Additional resource person: Ms Nana Wiedemann, Reference Centre for Psychosocial Support, IFRC
Focal persons in Geneva
• Dr Pascal Cassan
• Dr Ayham Alomari – [email protected]