The Respiratory System Medical Assisting Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson Third Edition
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28-1 The Respiratory System PowerPoint® presentation to accompany: Medical Assisting Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-2 Learning Outcomes 28.1 Explain the functions of the respiratory system. 28.2 Explain the difference between internal respiration and external respiration. 28.3 Describe how the larynx produces voice sounds. 28.4 List the structures contained within the lungs. 28.5 Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 28.6 Describe the events that lead to the inspiration and expiration of air. 28.7 Explain how the brain controls breathing and how normal breathing patterns can be disrupted. 28.8 Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 28.9 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from body cells to the lungs. 28.10 List and explain various respiratory volumes and tell how they are used to diagnose respiratory problems. 28.11 Describe the causes, signs, and symptoms, causes, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the respiratory system. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-5 Introduction Function Move air in an out of lungs (ventilation) Delivers oxygen (O2) Removes carbon dioxide (CO2) O2 External respiration Occurs in the lungs Internal respiration CO2 O2 Lungs CO2 CO2 O2 Occurs in the hemoglobin © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-6 Organs of the Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-7 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Nasal cavity Nasal septum divides the cavity into right and left portions Nares – openings of the nose Nasal conchae extend from walls of nasal cavity Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air Cilia help eliminate particles © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-8 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Paranasal sinuses Air-filled spaces within the skull bones Gives the voice its certain tone Skull bones with sinuses include: Open into the nasal cavity Reduce the weight of the skull Equalizes pressure Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillae bones © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-9 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Pharynx Serves both the respiratory and digestive system Larynx Also called the “voice box” Moves air in and out of the trachea and produces voice Composed of three cartilages: Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Cricoid cartilage © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-10 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Vocal cords Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage Upper – false cords Lower – true vocal cords Glottis – the opening between the vocal cords Stretch = pitch of voice Posterior Portion of Tongue Glottis False Vocal Cords True Vocal Cords © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-11 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Trachea Referred to as the windpipe Tubular organ made of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle Extends from the larynx to the bronchi Lined with cells possessing cilia (microscopic hair-like Trachea projections) Cilia move mucus up to the throat, where it is swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-12 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Bronchial tree Bronchi Bronchi First branches off trachea Bronchioles Secondary branches Alveoli Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries Secrete surfactant Bronchioles © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-13 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Bronchial tree Alveoli Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries Secrete surfactant Fatty substance Helps maintains the inflation of the alveoli between inspirations © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-14 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Lungs Cone-shaped organs Right lung – three lobes Left lung – two lobes Pleura – membranes surrounding the lungs The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-15 Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body? ANSWER: a. Right bronchus b. Left bronchus c. Trachea © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-16 The Mechanisms of Breathing Inspiration Expiration Air rich in O2 enters the lungs Air rich in C02 exits the lungs from the atmosphere The diaphragm contracts or The diaphragm relaxes The intercostal muscles flattens The intercostal muscles raise lower the ribs the ribs Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-17 The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.) Respiratory center of the brain Medulla oblongata – controls rhythm and depth of breathing Pons – controls the rate of breathing Other factors CO2 levels in the blood pH of the blood Fear and pain Inflation reflex © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-18 The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.) Causes of altered breathing patterns Coughing Sneezing Laughing Crying Hiccups Yawning Speaking © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-19 Apply Your Knowledge Indicated whether each statement refers to (I) inhalation or (E) exhalation: ANSWER: __ E The intercostal muscles lower the ribs I The diaphragm contracts or flattens __ I The intercostal muscles raise the ribs __ __ E The diaphragm relaxes I Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere __ E Air rich in C02 exits the lungs __ © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-20 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Most of the oxygen binds to hemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin Bright red in color Some oxygen remains dissolved in plasma If CO2 combines with hemoglobin at O2 sites, it forms carboxyhemoglobin © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-21 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream Reacts with water in plasma and forms carbonic acid Carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions Bicarbonate ions attach to hemoglobin Exhaled as waste product in the lungs © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-22 Apply Your Knowledge Describe what happens to carbon dioxide in the blood. ANSWER: Carbon dioxide can combine with hemoglobin and form carboxyhemoglobin. Most reacts with water in plasma to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions then attach to hemoglobin and are exhaled as a waste product from the lungs. Super! © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-23 Respiratory Volumes Different volumes of air move in and out of lungs with different intensities of breathing Measured to assess health of respiratory system © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-24 Respiratory Volumes (cont.) Tidal Volume Amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath Inspiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-25 Respiratory Volumes (cont.) Residual Volume Volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation Vital Capacity Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible Total Lung Capacity The total amount of air the lungs can hold © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-26 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: ___ C Amount of air that moves during a normal breath B Amount of air that always remains ___ in the lungs A Total amount of air the lungs can ___ hold D Amount of air forcefully exhaled ___ after deepest inhalation possible A. Total lung capacity B. Residual volume C. Tidal volume D. Vital capacity Good Job! © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-27 Snoring Due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles of the palate, tongue, and throat relax Common Causes Enlargement of tonsils or adenoids Being overweight Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women over the age of 40 Alcohol consumption Nasal congestion Causes daytime sleepiness Deviated nasal septum May be associated with obstructive sleep apnea © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-28 Snoring (cont.) Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring: Heard from close proximity Heard from anywhere in the bedroom Heard from just outside the bedroom door with door open Heard outside the bedroom door with the door closed © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-29 Snoring (cont.) Lifestyle modifications to reduce snoring Lose weight Change sleeping position Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce sleep Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages Use dental devices to keep airways open Treatments CPAP Surgery (uvulotomy) Laser surgery © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-30 Common Diseases and Disorders Disease Description Allergic Rhinitis Hypersensitivity reaction to various airborne allergens Asthma A condition in which the tubes of the bronchial tree become obstructed due to inflammation Atelectasis Collapsed lung Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi often follows a cold; one type of COPD © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-31 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Emphysema A group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli A chronic condition associated with smoking that damages the alveoli; one type of COPD A viral disease that attacks the respiratory system; commonly called the flu Influenza © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-32 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Laryngitis Legionnaire’s Disease Lung Cancer Pleural Effusion Description An acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness (dysphonia) Acute bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionnaire bacteria that usually grows in the standing water of air conditioning systems Cancer closely associated with smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke; four types of lung cancers A buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-33 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Pleuritis / Pleurisy Inflammation of the membranes that cover the lungs, known as pleura Pneumoconiosis Lung diseases that result from years environmental or occupational exposure to different types of dust; three types Pneumonia / Pneumonitis An inflammation of the lungs that is most often caused by a a bacterial, or viral, or fungal infection © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-34 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Pneumothorax A collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis Pulmonary Edema A condition in which fluids fill spaces within the lungs, making it very difficult for the lungs to oxygenate the blood Pulmonary Embolism A blood clot (embolism) that travels usually from the legs and blocks an artery in the lungs © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-35 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Respiratory Distress Syndrome in which a lack of surfactant in Syndrome (RDS) the lungs allows the alveoli to collapse on exhalation, resulting in poor oxygenation Severe Acute A viral respiratory disease that is very Respiratory contagious and sometimes fatal Syndrome (SARS) Sinusitis An inflammation of the membranes lining the sinuses of the skull © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-36 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) A syndrome without characteristic signs or symptoms; usually a baby with this disorder simply goes to sleep and never wakes up Primarily a respiratory disease caused by various strains of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coryza, or the common cold Tuberculosis Upper Respiratory (Tract) Infection (URI) © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-37 Apply Your Knowledge The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states, “Even after sleeping 8 to 9 hours, I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well, you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.” Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue? ANSWER: a. Sleep apnea b. Depression c. Tuberculosis © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-38 End of Chapter The air of ideas is the only air worth breathing. ~Edith Wharton © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved