Transcript Occupations - econterms.net

Occupations, Work, Class and Rank in Past
Societies
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Occupations
Historical sources
An occupational grid: ISCO and HISCO
History of Work Website
An example using HISCO
From HISCO groups to social classes and ranks
Dimensions of social class in earlier work
A Historical International Social Class Scheme
(HISCLASS)
• The use of HISCLASS in historical research: an example
• A Social Ladder: HISCAM
• Some lines of research
Occupations
• Occupations are the `dna’ of economy and society, past and
present
• Most people have one
• Many sources
• Long and strong research tradition in economics, history and
sociology
• Occupations capture both social status and earnings capacity
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• But
• In the past more information for men than for women
• Much smaller range of occupations for women than for men
•  sometimes less suited to describe female socio-economic
status
• it is not a easy standard metric like income in euro’s
Historical sources
• Vital registers of churches (parish books, metric books),
16th C - present in `catholic’ nations
• Vital registers of the state, since 1795-1815 in
`Napoleontic’ states
• Censuses and labour counts
• Population registers in some countries
• Many other sources including surveys
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• An example of vital registers: marriage acts
• Many parts of the globe
• Occupations of groom, bride, fathers and other info on
persons e.g. age
• Connectable to info on characteristics of places
• Small to very large historical databases (>1000000p)
1650-1970
Making an occupational grid I
• Historical International Social Mobility Analysis (HISMA)
• International, long time span up to the present, social
position, and more
• Goldthorpe on contemporary studies on social mobility:
• ”there is invariably a passage in which methodological
problems and, in particular, problems of comparability of
cross-national data are discussed and acknowledged to be
grave. But then, this ritual having been completed, the
analysis of the data goes ahead, even with a variety of
caveats. The possibility that seems not to be contemplated,
however, is that the degree of unreliability in the data is
such that analyses should simply not be undertaken; that
rather than such analyses being of some value as
'preliminary' studies, which may subsequently be improved
upon, they are in fact no more likely to have some
approximate validity than they are to give results that point
entirely in the wrong direction. (Goldthorpe, 1985: 554).
Making an occupational grid II
• Not to start from scratch
• To historicise a system with proven comparative credentials: the
International Labour Organisation’s International Standard
Classification of Occupations.
• Our biggest innovation is the decision to innovate as little as
possible.
• ISCO has been developed by the ILO to: “provide a systematic
basis for presentation of occupational data relating to
different countries in order to facilitate international
comparisons. A second objective, related to the first, is to
provide an international standard classification system
which countries might use in developing their national
occupational classifications” (ILO, 1969: iii).
• Many existing national thesauri of occupational titles with
national codes linked to ISCO.
Making an occupational grid III
• In ISCO68 1,506 occupational categories.
• Covering, in principle, all forms of work worldwide
• Each with5 digit code,
• Codes 6-xx.xx: primary sector of the economy
• Codes 6-2x.xx: agricultural and animal husbandry
workers.
• Codes 6-22.xx: field crop and vegetable farm workers
• Relating to more specific occupational categories
• General field crop farm worker (6-22.10), vegetable
farm worker (6-22.20), wheat farm worker (6-22.30),
cotton farm worker (6-22.40), rice farm worker (622.50) and sugar-cane farm worker (6-22.60).
HISCO I
• HISCO is ISCO68 modified through several rounds of
consultations over many years with several expert historians
from various countries (see book and website)
• + STATUS + RELATION + PRODUCT (UN CPC)
HISCO II
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by:
• Country
• Belgium
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• Britain
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• Canada
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• France
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• Germany
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• Netherlands
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• Norway
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• Sweden
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% of the most frequent 1,000 titles1accommodated
men
women
men
women
men
women
women
men
women
men
women
men
women
men
women
ISCO68
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59
66
60
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76
men
57
65
61
62
73
67
69
60
46
New codes
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24
19
18
18
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64
21
30
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27
28
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14
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HISCO III: The status scheme
OWNERSHIP
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Owner, proprietor
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Lease-holder, share-cropper
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Poor
ARTISAN CAREER
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Master
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Journeyman
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Apprentice, learner
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Artisan
PRINCIPALS AND SUBORDINATES
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Principal
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‘Worker’
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33
Subordinate
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34
Serfs and Slaves
TERTIARY EDUCATION
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41
Student
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42
Graduate
‘PURE’ STATUS
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51
Nobility
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52
Prestige titles
HISCO IV: The RELATION scheme
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP
11
Wife or widow
12
Son
13
Daughter
14
Other male relative
15
Other female relative
TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP
21
Former or retired
22
Future
VOLUNTARY OR HONORARY RELATIONSHIP
31
Voluntary, honorary
INCAPACITATED
41
Physical or mental disability
HOUSEWORK
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Homeworker
History of Work Website I
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http://historyofwork.iisg.nl
• Tens of thousands of occupational titles from
countries and languages around the world from the
sixteenth to the twentieth century.
• linked to short descriptions of work (HISCO-tree)
• linked to images and iconographic essays a
bibliography on the world of work and links
• links to ISCO68
• Soon: computer assisted coding of `your’
occupational titles into HISCO
History of Work Website II
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Occupational titles from:
Albania)
Belgium
Brazil)
Canada
Denmark
Finland)
France
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Italy)
Netherlands
Norway
Philippines)
Portugal
Russia)
Spain
Sweden
Switserland)
History of Work Website III
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Languages
Albabian)
Catalan
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish)
French
German
Greek
Italian
Norwegian
Portugese
Russian)
Spanish
Swedish
From HISCO groups to social classes and ranks
• 1600 HISCO-groups is often too much
• HISCO-codes are descriptions of work, not classes or
ranks
• Class scheme (HISCLASS)
• Continuous scale (HISCAM)
How to group HISCO-groups into classes? I
• What is class and what was class in the past?
• Preference to build on long and strong
research traditions
• Tied to empirical body of knowledge and use
of fixed criteria
• Not based on intuition
• (ad hoc decisions are permissible and perhaps
unavoidable but should not form the basis)
• One scheme: temporal and regional
particulars?
How to group HISCO-groups into classes? III
Following Bouchard
• Hisclass is influenced by work of Bouchard (1996):
Tous les métiers du monde: Le traitement des données
professionnelles en histoire sociale
• His criteria:
• (non)manual
• difficulty of the occupation = skill level
• Level off responsibility
• local, regional, or larger company
• privat or public
• economic sector
• Use of Canadian Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
to establish the characteristics of each occupation
• Result: 25 classes ranging from ‘Dirigeants de grandes
entreprises’ to ‘Inactifs’
How to group HISCO-groups into classes? II
• Dimensions of class in use:
• (non)manual
• skill
• supervision
• economic sector
• self-employment
• status
• income
Principles of HISCLASS
• Following, by and large, Bouchard’s method
• Dimensions of classes:
• (non)manual
• skill
• supervision
• economic sector
• Using American DOT 1965: a detailed description of all
at that time existing occupations including ‘scores’ of
occupations on many characteristics, based on ten
thousands of job standardized job observations on the
land and in the cities
• Quantified in book form
Steps to make:
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Connecting HISCO to DOT
From DOT characteristics to class dimensions
From class dimensions to classes
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From HISCO to HISCLASS in a theoretically simple
and transparant way, systematically grounded in
empirical body of observations and not based on
intuition
• Testing results on team of expert historians to
remove flaws
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HISCLASS
HISCLASS: all classes
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10
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12
Higher managers
Higher professionals
Lower managers
Lower professionals, clerical and sales personnel
Lower clerical and sales personnel
Foremen
Medium-skilled workers
Farmers and fishermen
Lower-skilled workers
Lower-skilled farm workers
Unskilled workers
Unskilled farm workers
The use of HISCLASS in comparative research
(see IRSH 2005/CUP book)
Percentage of grooms from rural classes (HISCLASS 8,
10, 12) in 6 regions by period
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Belgium: cities and
villages
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60
Netherlands: Zeeland
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Norway: Rendalen
% 40
30
Austria: Innichen
20
France
10
0
<1800
18001833
18341866
18671900
>1900
Switzerland:
Winterthur
Percentage of endogamous marriages in 10 regions
by period
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70
60
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% 40
30
20
10
0
<1800
1800-1833
1834-1866
1867-1900
The Netherlands: Zeeland
Norway: Rendalen
Sweden: Scanian parishes
France: urban
France: rural
France: Basque country
Belgium: urban
Belgium: rural
Austria: Innichen
Switzerland: Winterthur
>1900
A Social Ladder: I
Not starting anew: using and historicizing a long and strong
research tradition in history and sociology
International comparisons over a long time span
Groups that interact frequently are closer together than groups
that interact infrequently
A Social ladder II: Scaling occupations on a
continuous dimension of inequality
• Modern scales:
• prestige scales
• socio-economic status
• cultural and economic status
• Problems:
• few scales apply to the 19th century or ealrier
• available scales are regional or country specific
• unclear how these scales are created (difficult to link them to
HISCO)
• little information available to create new scales for the 19th
century or earlier (prestige?, average income?)
A Social Ladder III HISCAM
• Solution: estimating social distances from social
relationships (compare Weber)
• Earlier work by: Steward, Prandy and Blackburn
• CAM(SIS) scale: Prandy, Bottero and Lambert
• Re-estimation based on historical occupational data
coded into HISCO
• See paper, `Deriving a historical occupational
stratification scale’, by Ineke Maas, Paul Lambert,
Richard Zijdeman, Ken Prandy and Marco H.D van
Leeuwen
Examples of HISCO categories with high
HISCAM v0.1 scores
HISCO
12110 Lawyer
13100 University and Higher Education
Teachers
15915 Journalist
19200 Sociologists, Anthropologists
and Related Scientists
21300 Sales Managers
03620 Chemical Engineering Technician
(Petroleum)
03720 Extractive Metallurgy Technician
44100 Insurance, Real Estate and
Securities Salesmen
06100 Medical Doctor, Specialisation
Unknown
06310 Dentist, General
08110 Statistician, General
09010 Economist, General
HISCAM
v0.1
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
Examples of HISCO categories with average
HISCAM v0.1 scores
HISCO
61110 General Farmer
87110 Pipe Fitter, General
57000 Hairdresser, Barbers,
Beauticians and Related Workers
59950 Practical Aid (Pharmacy)
92135 Monotype Keyboard Operator
94320 Cast Concrete Product Maker
94960 Candle Maker
45130 Retail Trade Salesperson
77200 Sugar Processors and Refiners
85630 Telephone and Telegraph
Mechanic
85740 Telephone and Telegraph
Lineman
37090 Other Mail Distribution Clerks
98540 Motor Bus Driver
HISCAM
v0.1
60,9
60,9
60,7
60,7
60,7
60,7
60,7
60,4
60,4
60,2
60,2
60,1
60,1
Examples of HISCO categories with low
HISCAM v0.1 scores
HISCO
62430 Sheep Farm Worker
98420 Railway Brakeman (Freight
Train)
99900 Workers NEC
95530 Stucco Plasterer
62210 Field Crop Farm Worker
55220 Charworker
89200 Potters and Related Clay and
Abrasive Formers
97340 Hoist Operator (Mine)
97460 Tar-Spreading Machine Operator
97990 Other Material Handling
Equipment Operators
54020 House Servant
HISCAM
v0.1
33,0
33,0
32,5
32,2
32,1
30,6
29,6
28,9
28,9
28,9
10,6