Transcript You May Ask Yourself

You May
Ask Yourself
An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist
Dalton Conley
SECOND EDITION
Chapter 18
Collective Action, Social
Movements, and Social Change
Collective Action
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• Collective action is a
collaborative effort that takes
place in groups and diverges from
the social norms of the
situation.
Collective Action:
What Is It Good For?
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• Crowd collective action takes
place when members of a group
are face to face.
• Mass collective action is
collective action in which
close physical proximity is
not necessary, such as a
letter-writing campaign.
Theories of Collective
Action
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• According to convergence theory,
collective action happens when
people with similar ideas and
tendencies gather in the same
place.
Theories of Collective
Action
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• According to contagion theory,
collective action arises because
of people’s tendency to conform to
the behavior of others.
Theories of Collective
Action
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• Emergent norm theory emphasizes
the influence of leaders in
promoting particular norms that
members of a group then follow.
Identity
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• In order to explain who we are as
individuals, we tend to talk about
different groups we are in. What
makes each of us unique is the
particular combination of groups
with which we identify.
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Types of Identity
• A static identity is an aspect of
your identity (such as race) that
doesn’t change and that determines
at least one group to which you
belong.
• A dynamic identity is an aspect of
your identity that is more fluid
(such as working as a lifeguard
for one summer) and that is
determined by a group to which you
belong.
Social Movements
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• A social movement is collective
behavior that is purposeful,
organized, and institutionalized,
but not ritualized.
• Alterative social movements seek
limited social change and tend to
be focused on a narrow group of
people.
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Types of Social Movements
• Redemptive social movements are
also focused on a narrow group of
people, but they advocate for more
radical change.
• Reformative social movements
advocate for limited social change
but seek to effect that change
across an entire society.
• Revolutionary social movements
seek to make radical change across
an entire society.
A Social Movement:
How Does It Happen?
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• The classical model of social
movements proposes that social
movements come about as a
collective response to structural
weaknesses in society that have a
psychological effect on
individuals.
A Social Movement:
How Does It Happen?
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• Resource-mobilization theory
recognizes the importance of
political context and goals to the
development of social movements but
also emphasizes that social movements
are unlikely to emerge without the
necessary resources.
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A Social Movement:
How Does It Happen?
• The political process model of social
movements proposes that a social
movement’s chances of developing are
heavily influenced by three sets of
conditions:
– expanding political opportunities
– indigenous organizational strength
– certain shared cognitions among the
movement’s proponents
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Stages of Social Movements
• Social movements generally evolve
through three stages:
– Emergence: the social problem being
addressed is first identified.
– Coalescence: resources are
mobilized and concrete action is
taken to address the problem.
– Routinization: a formal structure
develops to promote the cause.
What Makes a Social
Movement Succeed?
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Interview, Doug McAdam
Doug McAdam describes how Twitter,
Facebook, and other social media can
help movements frame a social issue.
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Social Movement
Organizations
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• A social movement organization (SMO)
is a group developed to recruit new
members and coordinate participation
in a particular social movement.
• A professional movement organization
is a type of SMO that has full-time
leadership plus a large membership
base that plays only a minor role in
the organization.
Social Movement
Organizations
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• A participatory movement
organization is a type of SMO
that directly involves its rankand-file members in decisions and
activities to support the
organization’s cause.
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Social Movement
Organizations
• There are two types of participatory
movement organizations:
– Mass protest organizations advocate
for social change through protest
and demonstration.
– Grassroots organizations tend to
work through existing political
structures to promote social
change.
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Social Movement
Organizations
• Americans have traditionally had high
participation levels in volunteer
activities.
• It seems that volunteerism has declined
somewhat in the United States, and one
possible explanation is the influence of
the Internet: people can join groups
online and donate money online to
support causes without participating in
any face-to-face meetings or activities.
Social Movements
and Social Change
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• Not all social change is produced by
social movements: economic and
political factors have a great deal
to do with the evolution of society.
• Social changes are not valued in the
same way by all people — what is of
major importance to one group may
barely register for another group —
and they do not affect all people in
the same way.
Causes of Social Change
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• Social change can be caused by factors
other than social movements, such as
technological innovation, new
information and ideas, and conflict
between social actors.
• Ironically, perhaps the greatest sign
that a social movement has been
successful is when there is no longer a
need for it because it has achieved its
goal.
Causes of Social Change
• The Internet has opened new opportunities
for people to create social change:
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– It provides a way for participants in social
movements to connect, exchange information, and
generally make their voices heard.
– It has become a forum for radical social protest
activities, such as virtual sit-ins that jam web
servers and online impersonation.
• The primary achievement of such protests
is to draw media attention to a particular
issue or cause.
Concept Quiz
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1. Which of the following is an example of
mass collective action?
a) A one-day strike by all Amtrak employees
b) a rally in a state capital in support of stricter
emissions standards for automobiles
c) a boycott of a clothing manufacturer that has
factories overseas where child labor is used
d) a sit-in in the administrative building of a
university by students who are protesting the
firing of a professor
Concept Quiz
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2. According to ________, collective action
happens when people with similar ideas and
tendencies gather in the same place.
a)
b)
c)
d)
resource-mobilization theory
convergence theory
emergent norm theory
contagion theory
Concept Quiz
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3. Which of the following is a criticism of
contagion theory?
a) It downplays individual agency.
b) It doesn’t explain why particular people emerge
as leaders.
c) It overemphasizes psychological tensions.
d) It downplays the influence of cultural or
emotional components.
Concept Quiz
4. Which of the following is an example of a
static identity?
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a)
b)
c)
d)
being
being
being
being
a student
a graphic designer
of Italian descent
a precinct officer for a political party
Concept Quiz
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5. According to sociologist Georg Simmel,
_________ refers to a form of social
organization characterized by concentric
circles of social affiliation.
a)
b)
c)
d)
modernity
premodernity
postmodernity
hypermodernity
Concept Quiz
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6. Postmodernity is characterized by
_____________________.
a) the notion that history is driven by clashes
between opposing forces
b) a questioning of the power and relevance of
social movement organizations
c) great cultural conflict that leads to social
isolation and stagnation
d) a questioning of the notion that society is
always progressing forward, building on its
knowledge and inventions of the past to create a
better future
Discussion Questions
1. Do you think that the social movements
that are happening today are as important
as the ones from the 1960s?
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a) yes
b) no
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Discussion Questions
2. Are you part of an organization on campus
that supports a cause?
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a) yes
b) no
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Discussion Questions
2. Are you part of an organization online
that supports a cause?
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a) yes
b) no
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Chapter Opener
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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University of California students march to protest sweatshops
that manufacture college apparel. Why is this an example of
crowd collective action?
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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Greek soccer players cower behind riot police for protection from
objects and flares thrown by rival fans after a championship game.
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
How is a football riot an example of convergent collective action?
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Table 18.1 Types of Social Movements
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) volunteer Janet Priewe of
Wisconsin holds up picture posters of drunk driving victims outside
the U.S. Capitol. Why is an organization such as MADD an example
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
of an alterative social movement?
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How is a redemptive social movement such as Covenant House
different from alterative movements? In this picture,
Covenant House volunteers serve meals to homeless, runaway,
and at-risk young adults.
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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Cyclists take part in a Critical Mass rally. What makes a
movement such as Critical Mass reformative?
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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Members of the United Democratic Front (UDF) march in
South Africa. The UDF sought to overthrow the apartheid regimeYou May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
that governed South Africa until 1994.
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Hundreds of students gather for a rally with Reverend
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (right) at the St. James Baptist
Church in Birmingham, Alabama. Why were students and
congregations key to the success of the civil rights movement?
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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Was the Temperance movement a success? In the short term theyYou May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
achieved their goal, but what were the long-term consequences?Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Members of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) demonstrate at the
World Water Forum in Mexico City. Why might sociologists
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
define the WWF as an institutionalized social movement?
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Crowds visit the AIDS memorial quilt in
Washington, D.C.
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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A Gay Men’s Health Crisis march during a 1985
gay pride parade in New York City.
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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A fishing family in Harpswell, Maine, protests the construction
of a liquefied natural gas terminal. Can you think of an example You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
of a NIMBY movement in your hometown?
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When they are not driving little cars in parades, Shriners raise
money to help children with orthopedic conditions, burns, and
spinal cord injuries. Why do volunteer organizations such as the You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
Shriners play such a major role in American communities?
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Compare these families from 1908, 1972, and today. How has
life changed over the last 100 years?
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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Figure 18.1 Premodern Society
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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Figure 18.2 Modern Society
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
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An aerial view of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project (left) and the
exterior of the Centre Georges Pompidou. How does Pruitt-Igoe
embody the modern period? What makes the Pompidou an
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
example of postmodernism?
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Figure 18.3 Postmodern Society
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Many social changes occurred in the wake of World War II, such
as the founding of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, and theYou May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
conflict that resulted in the creation of Israel.
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Doug McAdam. To see our conversation about social movements,
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visit wwnorton.com/studyspace.
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The Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT) FloodNet Web page.
Now that you are familiar with the different types of social
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
movements, how would you categorize EDT?
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This concludes the Lecture
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Chapter 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and
Social Change
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