Transcript Deviance
Deviance What we want to know How is deviance defined and who defines it • Is it the person or the action? How is deviance distributed in society and how do we know? What causes deviance? How is deviance controlled? The Nature of Deviance Most people internalize societal norms Individuals do not internalize every norm Remember from chapter 3… NORMS- shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific occasions • Internalization is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations. • Examples: – Sitting in a chair instead of on the floor – Stopping at a red light Sanctions- rewards and punishments use to enforce conformity… (positive or negative, formal or informal) Social control- techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society Defining Deviance Deviance is the violation of norms, especially widely held norms Crime is an action declared illegal by some government or agency Is all deviance criminal ? • Pushing children into fashion shows, sports ? • Subcultures (gangs) and deviance 7 Deviance What is deviance? What are the nature and social function of deviance? How do the theories that have been proposed to explain deviance compare? Deviant? -tattoos/branding -speeding -gambling -white collar crime -talking to yourself in public -smoking in public places -bullying -graffiti -”hackers” Defining Deviance Non Criminal Deviance • Music preferences • Body piercing • Marrying someone Your parents disapprove of Your parents want you to (Being a Geek or a Nerd) Defining Deviance Not all norm violations are deviant: a. within the same society (killing) b. varies from society to society (divorce) c. time period (business on Sundays) How does one become labeled deviant? 1. Behavior must be known to othersdetected 2. Stigmatized by society… Stigma…mark of disgrace used as a form of social control I.E. uniforms, signs, marks, etc Deviant label Negative Social Reaction Goffman’s “spoiled social identity”-no longer normal or whole Ex. Obesity, victims of AIDS , mentally ill, homeless Emile Durkheim Social Functions of Deviance: -clarify norms -unify the group -diffuse tension -promote social change -(provides law enforcement jobs) Clarifying Norms Deviance defines boundaries of acceptable behavior Punishment of norm violators reminds others that certain behaviors will not be tolerated Acts as preventative measure or deterrent Ex. Harsh prison sentences Unifying Norms Conforming members vs nonconforming members Reinforces the belief in shared values Important to maintain the group Diffusing Tension Minor acts of deviance serve as a safety valve Individuals can relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of society Participating in demonstrations Promoting Social Change Large numbers of people violating a particular norm, indicative of something society needs to change Providing Jobs Judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel, parole officers= crime Crime reporters and criminologists.. Can you think of any other jobs created??? How do we Explain Deviance? Functionalist Perspective: natural part of society Conflict Perspective: power and inequality Interactionist Perspective: interaction among individuals influence deviance The Functionalist Perspective Parts of a social system work together to maintain a balance stable social system-all parts of a society serve a functional purpose People agree on what is best for society and work together Examples: family, education, school Functionalist Perspective • Functions are actions that have positive consequences • Dysfunctions are actions that have negative consequences i.e. crime • Manifest functions are intended • Latent functions are unintended What are the latent and manifest functions of internet, fast-food, super stores i.e. Wal-Mart Problems with Functionalist Approach • The influence has declined in recent decades. • It ignores inequalities of social class, race, and gender Functionalist Merton’s “strain theory” Natural outgrowth of values, norms, structure of society Am. Society places value on economic success- not everyone has access to the accepted means to achieve this Society judges Anomie when norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable The 5 Modes of adaption Reactions to societal norms Modes of Adaption Conformity-accept cultural goals/accept culture norms (legitimate) Innovation-accept cultural goals/reject cultural norms (drug dealers) Ritualism-reject cultural goals/accept cultural norms Re-treatism-reject cultural goals/reject culture norms (drug addicts, beggars) Rebellion-reject/replace cultural goals (revolutionaries) Conflict Theory The social-conflict paradigm is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. Most sociologists who favor the conflict paradigm attempt not only to understand society but also to reduce social inequality Weakness of Conflict It ignores social unity based on mutual interdependence and shared values. Conflict Perspective Quinney states that …”the ruling classes label any behavior that threatens their power base as deviant.” Competition and social inequality lead to deviance People w/out power commit deviant acts to obtain economic rewards, low self esteem, powerlessness Symbolic InteractionismWeaknesses Ignores the influence of larger social structures. By emphasizing what is unique, it risks overlooking the effects of culture, class, gender, and race. Interactionist Control Theory: Deviance is a natural occurrence Social ties determine conformity states that people conform when they have strong ties to the community Interactionist Cultural Transmission Theory Deviance is learned through interaction with others engaging in deviant acts deviants are socialized into deviant behavior instead of acceptable behavior individuals will adopt the behavior and goals of whomever they are in contact with The heart of Cultural transmission theory: All individuals are conformists Edward Sutherland’s Differential association: the relative closeness to deviant and non-deviant individuals Learning occurs in primary groups Gresham Sykes and David Matza Techniques of Neutralization: people suspend their beliefs to commit deviant acts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Deny responsibility Deny injury Deny victims Condemn authority Appeal to higher loyalty • Labeling theory: focuses on how people come to be labeled “deviant;” suggests there are two types of deviance • • Primary deviance: occasional violation of norms; neither self nor society labels person “deviant” Secondary deviance: deviance as a lifestyle; both self and society label person “deviant” Check for Understanding Explain Deviance from each of the 3 perspectives. Try to incorporate the theories discussed in class. CRIME Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government. Crime Statistics (Chart page 187) (Answers may vary) Serious versus less serious Serious Murder Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny-unlawful taking or stealing of property without force. Less serious Counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Prostitution Gambling Disorderly conduct Loitering Violent Crime Occurs every 22 seconds Most victims are African Americans (men) Guns are used in 65% of murders Rate of handgun use in homicides are higher in the US than any other nation. Crime Against Property Much more common than violent crimes (larceny, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson Committed every three (3) seconds Terrorism The threat or actual use of violence to achieve political goals Victimless Crime Prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use, vagrancy (not working) = victimless crime Considered victimless because other people are not harmed White-Collar Crime Describes offenses committed by people of high social status during the course of their professional lives. Politicians, public officials, employees of corporations, executives, etc. Organized Crime Criminals are a part of a crime syndicate, or large scale organization of professional criminals controls some business through violence or the threat of violence. Organized Crime Cont. Syndicates usually operate many areas of businesses, many of them legal. Allows them to reinvest their money through legal channels Criminal Justice System Police, courts, and corrections Police Have most immediate control over who is arrested for criminal act Police discretion- the power to decide 5 Factors considered in arrest: 5 Factors Seriousness 2. Victim’s wishes 3. Attitude of suspect 4. Witnesses or bystanders 5. Race- more likely to arrest/use force w/African Americans (racial profiling) *what about after 9/11, or Hispanics? 1. Police Racial Profiling- practice of assuming that non white Americans more likely to commit crimes than white Americans http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKaiNM OkpnA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR6j3Sk puxk COURTS Determines guilt or innocence of a person and assigns punishment Plea Bargaining Process by which the accused person pleads guilty to a charge in exchange for a lesser sentence. Reduces caseloads and time Plea Bargaining http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L wl18hNuQKo Corrections Sanctions such as •Imprisonment •Parole •Probation •Community service Corrections- function 1. 2. 3. 4. Retribution-revenge for victim/society Deterrence-discourage Rehabilitation-reform and return Social protection- limiting their freedom/eliminating threat Recidivism Term for repeated criminal behavior 62% of released prisoners will be charged with new crimes 41% will return to prison within 3 years of release (U.S. Dept. of Justice) REDUCING RECIDIVISM (clip) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =j3lDENaGuy8 Juvenile-Justice System Consists of offenders younger than 18 Receive different treatment on the basis that they are not expected to be as “responsible” as adults. Certain crimes tried as adults! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7i FMiXJFvw