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Sociology
Chapter 1 Section 2
“Sociology: Then and Now”
Standard 1.2 – 1.11
The Early Years
 Sociology did not develop until the 1800’s (The “New” Science)
 Industrial Revolution:
 Major reason for the emergence of Sociology
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With the Industrial Revolution came the emergence of
MODERN CITIES
Social Problems developed
 1. Work
 2. Housing
 3. Crime
 4. Pollution
 Political Problems of late 1700 early 1800’s
 American and French Revolutions
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– “Why did this happen?”
The Birth of Sociology
 Auguste Comte:
 Birthplace(s)
 “Father of Sociology”
 First to use to term
 France, Germany,
 French: 1789-1857
and England
 *Early Industrialized
Nations
 Wanted to find solutions to
 *Comte: Influenced
later sociologists*
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chaos of revolution
Developed scientific
approach to social issues
Two basic problems:
“Order and Change”
Social Statics: Society
remains stable over long
period of time (China)
Social Dynamics: Elements
change to allow for social
change
Karl Marx and the Conflict
Perspective
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Karl Marx
German: 1818-1883
Died Poor
Society based on structure of
economy
Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
Society broken into two classes
Bourgeoisie: Capitalists: Own
the means of production
Proletariat: Labor and Skill
workers: Middle class
Classes will experience conflict
Conflict will lead to social unrest
Unrest will lead to a failure in
“the system”
 Conflict Perspective
 Advocated by Marx
 Focus on forces in
society that lead to
inequality,
competition, and
change
 *Conflict WILL lead to
change
 *Most influential
theory of the
Twentieth Century
Herbert Spencer and Social
Darwinism
 Herbert Spencer
 English: 1820-1903
 Influenced by Charles Darwin
 Darwin wrote the Origin of Species
 “Survival of the fittest”
 Social Darwinism: Spencer took Darwin’s
theories and applied them to human
SOCIETY (Compared Society to Nature)
Emile Durkheim
 French: 1858-1903
 First to apply methods of science to social
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issues (Scientific Method)
Tested theories through use of Statistics
Did in-depth research on Suicide
Functionalists Perspective
Different aspects of society interrelate with
one another to hold society together
Ex. Religion has a role in keeping society
stable by teaching a morals
Max Weber (Vay bur)
 Germany: 1864-1920
 1910: Founded the German Sociological
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Society
Focused on “smaller” groups and individuals
Interactionist
Verstehen (fehr-shtay-en) Empathy
Putting yourself in someone else’s place
Ideal Type: Essential Characteristic of some
aspect of society
Ex: School: all are not “Exactly” the same, but
they are very close
Current Perspectives
 Theory: Systematic explanation of
relationships among phenomena
 Theoretical Perspectives: a set of
ASSUMPTIONS based on the nature of
society
 Functionalist
 Interactionist
 Conflict:
Karl Marx
Functionalist Perspective
 Spencer and Durkheim
 Society is a set of interrelated parts that work
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together to form stability in society
People agree on what is best and Most follow the
rules
Function: Consequence that an element of society
produces for the maintenance of social stability
(Religion)
Dysfunction: Something that takes away from the
stability of society (Crime)
Manifest function: Intended function of some element
of society (LAWS: keep order)
Latent function: Unintended function of some element
of society (Cell phone = communication and “Social
Status”)
Interactionist Perspective
 Weber
 Focus on how Individuals interact in society
(Social Psychology)
 Symbol: Anything that stands for something
else (Flag)
 Symbolic Interaction:
 Interaction between people that takes place
through symbols
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Handshake
Military Salute
Japan: Bowing when meeting someone…etc
In Class Assignment
 Based on the information that you have learned in
Chapter 1, write your own definition of Sociology
 You should not just “regurgitate” what the book says.
You should formulate a definition that has meaning to
you
 Use these questions to help formulate your definition
 1. How CAN/WILL you use Sociology in your
everyday life?
 2. How does Sociology directly/indirectly affect
your life?
 *Put your definition at the beginning of your
notebook and leave it there for the remainder of
the semester (Standard 1.10)