Genus species - Edinboro University
Download
Report
Transcript Genus species - Edinboro University
Standard Practices
in Taxonomy
BIOL447
26 January 2016
Properly Writing
Taxonomic Names
Scientific name
Never use specific epithet alone
UC genus and LC species (even for patronym)
Italicize: Genus species
Reverse if text in which Genus species is
mentioned is italicized
Underline if hand-written
Traditionally, no italics for higher taxa
Changing?
Abbreviation after first use:
Genus species, then G. species
Except at beginning of sentence
Ambiguous ref.: Genus sp. or Genus spp.
Subspecies name
Italicized trinomial
Abbreviation:
1st use: Genus species subspecies
Subsequently: G. s. subspecies
Ambiguous reference: Genus species ssp.
Subspecific intergrade
Genus species subspecies x subspecies
HANDOUT—Conant and Collins 1991
Rana areolata
Rana areolata areolata
Rana areolata circulosa
Rana areolata areolata circulosa
Rana capito
Rana capito capito
Rana capito aesopus
Rana capito sevosa
Rana capito sevosa aesopus
Standardized endings for higher taxa
Zoology: superfamily (-oidea)
family (-idae)
subfamily (-inae)
tribe (-ini)
Botany: standardized endings exist from
phylum to family
Subgenus names
Genus (Subgenus) species
Ex: Cooter and redbelly turtle
genus
Pseudemys (Pseudemys) =
the cooters
Pseudemys (Pseudemys) concinna
Pseudemys (Ptychemys) =
the redbellies
Pseudemys (Ptychemys) rubriventris
Including author name(s)
Genus species Author 1894
Author name in parentheses if moved to a
different genus
Genus Author 1795
Familyidae Author 1961
Famous taxonomists of yore have
standard abbrs. (e.g., L. for Linnaeus, Raf.
for Constantine Rafinesque)
Miscellaneous rules
Do not use "the" with scientific name
All higher taxa are plural
Anglicize/LC any Latin name above genus
and subgenus
Ex: The Coloeptera are, not the Coleoptera is
Ex:
Members of the Trionychidae are
called trionychids.
Plurals:
species species (sp. spp.)
genus genera
phylum phyla
Codes of Nomenclature
International Code
of Zoological Nomenclature
Separate codes for bacteria, plants, and
animals
Protistan biologists must be familiar with latter
two
Preamble: "The object of the Code is to
promote stability and universality in the
scientific names of animals, and to ensure
that each name is unique and distinct. All
its provisions are subservient to these
ends."
Priority
Taxonomic priority
Oldest available name is valid name for a species
or higher taxon
Date of publication hence very important
Begins with 1758 in zoology (1753 in botany)
To be available, must be published in ink on
paper in scientific source available free or by
purchase; does not qualify if…
…microfilm or microfiche
…personal distribution
…mention at a conference
…specimen labelling
…anonymous publication
…electronic files
Synonyms and Homonyms
Synonyms
Senior synonym—oldest available name
for a taxon, and thus its valid name
Junior synonym(s)—all subsequentlypublished names for the same taxon
Objective synonyms—based on same
specimens
Subjective synonyms—based on
different type material (far more common)
Fixing synonymy
Reviser may synonymize two taxa, with
the older name having priority
Junior synonym is unavailable name (may not
be applied to other taxa)
Complete listing of synonyms is important
in a taxonomic revision
Homonyms
Two identical names for different taxa
Senior homonym—earlier use
Junior homonym(s)—later application(s)
to other taxa
May occur as a result of taxonomic
lumping (i.e., two genera happen to have
species with same specific epithet)
Primary homonym—name used twice;
second author unaware of first use
Secondary homonym—use of same specific
epithet in two genera that are later combined
Fixing homonymy
Junior homonyms must be renamed
Use oldest available junior synonym if there is
one
If not, usually original author (if living) is
informed and given chance to propose new
name in a short published article
Ollotis, not Cranopsis—Frost et al., 2006
Esselenichthys, not Esselenia—Anderson, 2003
Proper Latin in the
Names of Species
Gender in genus and species combinations
Latin rules followed to keep genus and
species in same gender
When a species changes its genus name,
it may have to change its emendation
Ex: Sternotherus carinatus, S. odoratus, S.
depressus, and S. minor became Kinosternon
carinatum, K. odoratum, K. depressum, and K.
minor
(Since reverted to Sternotherus)
Movement to dump emendation rules has,
so far, been fended off
Patronyms
Honor someone other than author of the
species
Male honoree: -i (or, in older literature,
often –ii )
Female honoree: -ae
Group with one or more males: -orum
Group of females: -arum
Graptemys caglei Haynes & McKown 1974
Glyptemys muhlenbergii (Schoepf 1801)
Named for naturalist G.H.E. Muhlenberg,
a Pennsylvania botanist (1753-1815) who
studied wetland plants and collected the
type specimen
Heloderma horridum charlesbogerti
Campbell & Vanzolini 1988
Amphisbaena carlgansi
Thomas & Hedges 1998
Uraetyphlus oommeni
Gower & Wilkinson 2007
Hyla stingi Kaplan 1994
Menetia koshlandae Greer 1991
Menetia sadlieri Greer 1991
Microcebus berthae
Rasoloarison, Goodman, & Ganzhorn 2000
Hesperarion mariae Branson 1991
Hyla allenorum Duellman & Trueb 1989
“Sunk” as junior synonym of Dendrosophus
timbeba (Martins and Cardosa 1987) in 2013
Anolis datzorum
Köhler, Ponce, & Batista 2007
Gymnotes omarorum
Richer-de-Forges, Crampton, & Albert 2009
Eurycea sosorum
Chippindale, Price, & Hillis 1993
Cuora chriskarannarum
Ernst & McCord 1987
Since “sunk” as junior synonym
of Cuora pani
Geographical place names
Generally end with
–ensis, –iensis, –inus,
–icus, or –ense
Exs: Castor canadensis
Alligator mississippiensis
Alligator sinensis
Sciurus carolinensis
Types
Type taxa
Types bear names
Necessary because taxonomic revision is
so common
Separate species synonymized
Species-group taxa are lumped or split with
new phylogenetic analyses
Type taxa
A family has a type genus, with a similar
name
Exs:
Hylidae Hyla (tree frogs)
Emydidae Emys (European pond
turtle)
Ursidae Ursus (bears)
Salmonidae Salmo (salmon)
Type taxa
If a family is subsequently split into two or
more, name remains with new family that
contains type genus
Ex:
Emydidae Emydidae (contains Emys)
and Geoemydidae (from
type genus, Geoemyda)
Reduced Emydidae since divided into
Emydinae (type Emys) and
Deirochelyinae (type Deirochelys)
Type taxa
Each genus has a type
species
Sometimes (not
always) with a specific
epithet such as
typicus, typus,
vulgaris, or same
name as genus
Exs:
Rattus rattus
Gorilla gorilla
Iguana iguana
Gulo gulo
Type taxa
There is always one nominate
subspecies (if subspecies are
designated)
Exs:
Gorilla gorilla beringi
G. g. graueri
G. g. gorilla
Gulf Coast
Apalone mutica calvata
Midland
A. m. mutica
Type taxa
Suggestion: name type from largest
cluster of subtaxa within group, so that
least nomenclatural change would occur
upon revision
Type specimens
Holotype—taxonomic anchor for revision; a
single specimen so designated
Type locality—exact geographic locality where the
holotype was collected
Syntypes (=cotypes)—series of specimens on
which description was based, prior to
requirement of single holotype
Lectotype—single syntype later designated as
the (holotype-like) taxonomic anchor for the
species
Neotype—designated type specimen if the holo-,
syn-, and/or lectotypes are all lost or destroyed;
only designated if other species within the genus
make such action necessary
The lectotype of Homo sapiens?
See Blunt p. 247
Linnaeus’ 1758 description: Homo nosce
te ipsum (Man, know yourself)
Linnaeus’ remains entombed in Uppsala
Cathedral—our lectotype?
Type specimens
Topotypes—collected at type locality (no
taxonomic standing)
Paratypes—other specimens examined by the
author of a name (no taxonomic standing)
Paratopotypes—both of above
Paralectotypes (=Lectoparatypes)—syntypes
not assigned lectotype status
Part of original series examined, just not anchors
Allotype—sometimes applied to a single member
of opposite sex of holotype, if sexual dimorphism
is pronounced (no taxonomic standing)
Plenary Powers
of the ICZN
Application to suppress a senior synonym or
change spelling of a taxon name
Exs:
Alligator mississippiensis (originally one p
missing)
Iguana iguana (Linnaeus originally named it
Iguana igvana)
Lampropeltis Fitzinger 1850; one species later
found to be included, and had
been placed originally in Phibolus
Hervey 1842
Geochelone nigra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
First named Testudo californiana
Quoy & Gaimard 1824, then
Testudo nigra Quoy & Gaimard
1824 (later switched to genus
Geochelone)—24 April vs. 18 Sept.
Former name never used—petition
filed to suppress it
Readings for Next Time
Schuh & Brower: None
Winston:
55-93
Additional:
C through I
Some recent examples of new species description—to skim lightly:
C. Branson, B.A. 1991. Hesperarion mariae (Gastropoda: Arionidae:
Ariolimacinae), a new slug species from Oregon. Transactions of the
Kentucky Academy of Science 52:109110.
D. Neely, D.A., J.D. Williams, and R.L. Mayden. 2007. Two new sculpins of
the genus Cottus (Teleostei: Cottidae) from rivers of eastern North
America. Copeia 2007:641655.
E. Campbell, J.A., J.C. Blancas-Hernández, and E.N. Smith. 2009. A new
species of stream-breeding treefrog of the genus Charadrahyla (Hylidae)
from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico. Copeia 2009:287295.
F. Thomson, S., and A. Georges. 2016. A new species of freshwater turtle
of the genus Elseya (Testudinata: Pleurodira: Chelidae) from the Northern
Territory of Australia. Zootaxa 4061:1828.
G. Athreya, R . 2006. A new species of Liocichla (Aves: Timaliidae) from
Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian Birds
2:8294.
H. Cozzoul, M.A., C.L. Clozato, E.C. Holanda, F.H.G. Rodrigues, S. Nienow,
B. de Thoisy, R.A F. Redondo, and F.R. Santos. 2013. A new species of
tapir from the Amazon. Journal of Mammalogy 94:13311345.
I. Dokuchaev, N.E. 1997. A new species of shrew (Soricidae, Insectivora)
from Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 78:811817.