Transcript Chapter 18 Classification

CLASSIFICATION/TAXONOMY
• Standard: SB3 Classification and diversity
• EQ: How do we classify things?
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Write down as many things or areas that you can
classify at school; in the classroom; in the gym; at
home.
• Eg. Types of clothes, color of shoes, sports equipment,
cars, etc.
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Classification
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What is Classification?
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• Classification is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based on
their similarities
• Classification is also known as taxonomy
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Eg. Classify types of shoes in the classroom.
What other things can we classify?
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify
& name organisms
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Benefits of Classifying
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• Accurately & uniformly names
organisms
• Prevents misnomers such as starfish &
jellyfish that aren't really fish
• Uses same language (Latin or some
Greek) for all names
Sea”horse”??
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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood
by all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists
•2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the first
taxonomist
•Aristotle divided
organisms into plants &
animals
•He subdivided them
by their habitat --land, sea, or air
dwellers
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Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
• 18th century
taxonomist
• Classified organisms
by their structure
• Developed naming
system still used
today
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Carolus Linnaeus
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•Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern system of
naming known as binomial
nomenclature
•Two-word name (Genus & species)
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial nomenclature
used
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus, but
NOT species
•Underline when writing
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Turdus migratorius
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American Robin
Binomial Nomenclature
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Which TWO are more closely related?
Classification Groups
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• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into
which related organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from
broadest to most specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, species
•
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
• Domain
BROADEST TAXON
• Kingdom
• Phylum
•
Class
•
Order
•
Family
•
Genus
•
Species Most Specific
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0 Dumb
1 King
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2 Phillip
3 Came
4 Over
5 For
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6 Great
7Sandwiches!
Dense King Philip came over for green spaghetti
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Today
• Dichotomous Key Practice
• Hierarchy review
Dichotomous Keying
• Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics and
either go to another set of
characteristics OR identify the
organism
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Example of Dichotomous
Key
•1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
•1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
•2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
•2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
•3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
•3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
•4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
•4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Dichotomous key
•
Create a dichotomous key using the following list of specimens: pine tree, clam, rock,
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robin, tin can, deer, oak tree, mouse, dandelion, Paramecium, bicycle, ant
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Here's an example in written form using these items:
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1. a. Organism is living........................................................go to 4.
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1. b. Organism is nonliving..................................................go to 2.
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2. a. Object is metallic........................................................go to 3.
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2. b. Object is nonmetallic..................................................ROCK.
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3. a. Object has wheels......................................................BICYCLE.
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3. b. Object does not have wheels......................................TIN CAN.
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4. a. Organism is microscopic...................................PARAMECIUM.
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4. b. Organism is macroscopic............................................go to 5.
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5. a. Organism is a plant.....................................................go to 6.
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5. b. Organism is an animal.................................................go to 8.
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6. a. Plant has a woody stem..............................................go to 7.
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6. b. Plant has a herbaceous stem.................................DANDELION.
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7. a. Tree has needle like leaves.....................................PINE TREE.
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7. b. Tree has broad leaves............................................OAK TREE.
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8. a. Organism lives on land................................................go to 9.
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8. b. Organism lives in water...............................................CLAM.
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9. a. Organism has 4 legs or fewer......................................go to 10.
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9. b. Organism has more than 4 legs...................................ANT.
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10 a. Organism has fur........................................................go to 11.
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10 b. Organism has feathers................................................ROBIN.
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11 a. Organism has hooves.................................................DEER.
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11 b. Organism has no hooves............................................MOUSE.
Graphical form of Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous Key Example
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Smiley Faces
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Dichotomous Keys Using Smiley Faces
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Instructions: Use the key below to identify the species name of each of the smileys below.
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6. Smiling, happy face ...... Smilus traditionalis
.....Not happy, frowning or other .....go to 7
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7. Mouth curved down, frowning .... Smilus saddus
.... Mouth is a small circle .................Smilus suprisus
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8. Has a pirate eye patch ...............Smilus piratus
....Does not have eye patch ............ go to 9
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9. One eye is much larger than the other eye
...... Smilus mutatus
One eye is winking .................Smilus winkus
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1. Teeth visible ....................go to 2
.....Teeth not visible .................go to 4
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2. Has a wide, toothy smile .......Smilus toothyus
....Is not smiling ......................go to 3
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3. Visibly crying .................Smilus dramaticus
.... Frowning .......................Smilus upsettus
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4. Eyes are symmetrical .... go to 5
....Eyes not symmetrical .....go to 8
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5. Eyes shaped like hearts ..... Smilus valentinus
....Eyes are shaped as ovals .....go to 6
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Extension:
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A. The names of the smilies give you another bit of information about their taxonomy. Each of these smilies belongs to the same genus. What is their
genus? _______________________________
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B. Names are often given to an organism by the person who discovers it, though they follow certain conventions, often they are named after the person,
or where the organism was found, or given a name that describes the creature. Which convention was used in naming these smilies?
______________________________________________
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C. Suppose you discovered the new smiley pictured to the right.
What name would you give it? _____________________________________
2/17/2017
• Standard: SB3 Classification and diversity
• EQ: How do we classify things?
• I can classify organisms.
• Warm-up: Do the following and answer in your
notebook
• List the 6 Kingdoms. Give an example of an
organism that would fit into each kingdom.
• In what kingdom would you find Escherichia
coli.?
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Cladogram
• Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics such 30
as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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Good Day
3/2/2016
• Standard: SB3 Classification and diversity
• EQ: How do we classify things?
• I can classify organisms.
• Warm-up:
• Write a paragraph (at least 3-5 sentences)
• telling what you know about classification.
• Include binomial nomenclature and the
• terms that are related to biological
• classification. You might be selected to
• read (share) your paragraph to the class.
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Domains
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• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Archaea and Bacteria are
unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus
or membrane-bound organelles)
• Eukarya are more complex and have
a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles
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ARCHAEA
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Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
Probably the 1st cells to evolve
Live in HARSH environments
Found in:
– Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)
– Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)
– Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
– Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt
Lake) - Halophiles
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ARCHAEAN
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Live in the intestines of animals
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BACTERIA
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• Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh
ones
• Important decomposers for environment
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
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Domain Eukarya is Divided 42
into Kingdoms
• Protista (protozoans, algae…)
• Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
• Plantae (multicellular plants)
• Animalia (multicellular animals)
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Protista
•Most are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
•Aquatic
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Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
• Cell walls made of
chitin
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Plantae
•Multi-cellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight to
make glucose –
Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made of
cellulose
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Animalia
• Multicellular
• Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
• Feed on plants
or animals
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Taxons
• Most genera contain a number
of similar species
• The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
• Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy70
• Homologous structures (same
structure, different function)
• Similar embryo development
• Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
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Used by today’s
taxonomists to group
similar organisms into
more accurate taxonomic
groups
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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