Transcript scientific method

BELLWORK
How can you learn about recent
advances in science?
List some available resources.
Rate these resources in regards to
reliability, usefulness, and ease of use.
1.3
Alchemy
How did alchemy lay the groundwork for
chemistry?
1.3
Alchemy
Alchemists developed the tools and
techniques for working with chemicals.
1.3
Alchemy
Alchemists developed
processes for separating
mixtures and purifying
chemicals. They
designed equipment that
is still in use today
including beakers,
flasks, tongs, funnels,
and the mortar and
pestle.
Mortar and Pestle
1.3
An Experimental Approach to Science
An Experimental Approach to Science
How did Lavoisier help to transform
chemistry?
1.3
An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry
from a science of observation to the
science of measurement that it is today.
1.3
An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier designed a balance that could
measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He
also showed that oxygen is required for a
material to burn.
Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory
1.3
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
What are the steps in the scientific
method?
1.3
The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a logical, systematic
approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
Steps in the scientific method include
making observations, testing
hypotheses, and developing theories.
1.3
The Scientific Method
Making Observations
When you use your
senses to obtain
information, you make an
observation.
Suppose you try to turn on
a flashlight and it does not
light. An observation can
lead to a question: What’s
wrong with the flashlight?
1.3
The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an
observation.
You guess that the flashlight needs new
batteries. You can test your hypothesis by
putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the
flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that
your hypothesis is true.
1.3
The Scientific Method
An experiment is a procedure that is used to
test a hypothesis. When you design experiments,
you deal with variables, or factors that can
change.
• The variable that you change during an
experiment is the manipulated variable, or
independent variable.
• The variable that is observed during the
experiment is the responding variable, or
dependent variable.
Variable means “changing”
The manipulated variable changes because
we manipulate (mess with) it.
The responding variable changes in
response to the manipulated variable.
Hypothesis- Bubble size depends
on gum flavor
Experiment- measure bubble size
using different gum flavors
Manipulated variable- gum flavor
Responding variable- bubble size
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The Scientific Method
Developing Theories
Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated
experimentation, it may become a theory.
• A theory is a well-tested explanation for a
broad set of observations.
• A theory may need to be changed at some
point in the future to explain new observations
or experimental results.
1.3
The Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a concise statement that
summarizes the results of many observations
and experiments.
A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the
relationship it describes. That explanation
requires a theory.
1.3
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration and Communication
What role do collaboration and
communication play in science?
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
No matter how talented the players on a team,
one player cannot ensure victory for the team.
Individuals must collaborate, or work together,
for the good of the team.
When scientists collaborate and
communicate, they increase the
likelihood of a successful outcome.
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration
Scientists choose to collaborate for different
reasons.
• Some research problems are so complex that
no one person could have all of the
knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the
problem.
• Scientists might conduct research for an
industry in exchange for equipment and the
time to do the research.
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
Communication
Scientists communicate
face to face, by e-mail, by
phone, and at international
conferences.
Scientists publish their
results in scientific
journals. Articles are
published only after being
reviewed by experts in the
author’s field.
1.3 Section Quiz.
1. A hypothesis is
a. information obtained from an experiment.
b. a proposed explanation for observations.
c. a concise statement that summarizes the
results of many of experiments.
d. a thoroughly tested explaination for a
broad set of observations.
1.3 Section Quiz.
2. Why are articles in scientific journals the most
reliable source of information about new
scientific discoveries?
a. The articles are reviewed by experts in the
author's field.
b. Any article that is submitted is published.
c. Everyone has access to the information.
d. The articles are short and easy to read.
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