Transcript Document

AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
9 International Relations
and
Communication Revolutions
Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
Structure of the Lecture
•
1. Historical Context
 1.1 Evolution of International Society
 1.2 International History 1900 -1990
 1.3 The End of Cold War
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Structure of the Lecture
•
2. Theories of International Relations
 2.1 Realism
 2.2 Idealism/liberalism
 2.3 World System Theory
 2.4 New Approaches to International Relations
Theories
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Structure of the Lecture
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3. Structures and Processes of International Relations
 3.1 International Security in the Post-Cold War Era
 3.2 International Political Economy
 3.3 International Regimes
 3.4 Diplomacy
 3.5 The United Nations and International Organizations
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Structure of the Lecture
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4. International Issues
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4.1 Environment Issues
4.2 Nuclear Proliferation
4.3 Nationalism
4.4 Cultural Conflict in International Relations: The West
and Islam
4.5 Global Trade and Finance
4.6 Poverty and Development
4.7 Human Rights
4.8 Gender Issues
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1. Historical Context
 1.1 Evolution of International Society
 The ancient Greeks constructed an international
society which survived for several centuries in a
surrounding political environment of various hegemony
empires
 But the first modern international society based on
lage-scale territorial states came into existence a little
later in north-western Europe
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1. Historical Context
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1.2 International History 1900 -1945
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These years were marked by massive upheaval

Within 45 years, the world experienced
 Two Total Wars
 A global economic slump
 The ending of major empires, with Tsatist
Russia being overthrown by a Bolshevik
Revolution
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1. Historical Context
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1.3 International History 1900 -1945

Fundamental changes in politics, technology, and
ideology took place in this period, with enormous
consequences for world affairs
 The onset of the cold war
 The creation of nuclear weapons
 The end of European imperialism
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1. Historical Context
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1.3 The End of Cold War

Since 1945 world politics has been greatly influenced by
the conflict between the United States and the Soviet
Union, each which emerged as “superpowers”

The ideological, political, and military interests of these
two states and their allies extended in Europe, Asia and
elsewhere
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1. Historical Context
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1.3 The Cold War and Beyond
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1945-1953: Onset of the Cold War
1953-1969: Conflict, Confrontation, and Comprise
1969-1979: The Rise and Fall of Détente
1979-1986: The Second Cold War
1989-2001: The Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union
2001-Present: Post 11/9 world
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2. Theories of International Relations
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Most of the modern history of international relations has
reflected the history of international relations theory
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The history of international relations theory has seen a
dispute between Realism and its two main rivals, with the
debate between Realism and Liberalism being the most longstanding and well-developed debate
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2.1 Realism: The Timeless Wisdom of Realism
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The core elements of Realism are:
 1. The state is the key actor and Statism is the term given
to the idea of the state as the legitimate representative of
the collective will
 2. The first priority for state leaders is to ensure the
survival of their state
 3. Self-help is the principal to action in an anarchical
system where there is no global government
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These “Three Ss” constitute the corners of the realist triangle
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2.2 Idealism/liberalism
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Early liberals rejected the idea that conflict was a
natural condition for relations between states
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Immanuel Kant believed that the binding of states
together into some kind of federation
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Kant was the leading liberal internationalist of the
enlightenment
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Idealism was motivated by the desire to prevent
war
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2.2 Idealism/liberalism
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Liberal institutionalism
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After the Second War, there was a recognition of the need to replace
the league with another international institution with responsibility for
international peace and security
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Transnational co-cooperation was required in order to resolve
common problems
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Ramification means the likelihood that co-cooperation in one sector
would lead governments to extend the range of collaboration across
other sectors
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2.2 Idealism/liberalism
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Interdependence: Due to the expansion of global culture,
pluralists recognized a growing interconnectedness between
states which brought with it a shared responsibility
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Democratic peace thesis: argues that liberal states tend to be
wealthy, and therefore have less to gain and more to lose by
engaging in conflicts than poorer authoritarian states
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Liberalism as the end of history: Francis Fukuyama
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2.4 New Approaches to International Relations Theories
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International relations theories debate has witnessed recent
developments
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Realism and liberalism together compromised the interparadigm debate of the 1980s, with realism dominant
amongst the theories
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The dominance of realism has in recent years been
undermined by two sets of developments:
 Globalization/neo-liberal institutionalism
 Post-positivist era
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2.4 New Approaches to International Relations Theories
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Explanatory and constitutive theory
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An explanatory theory is one that sees the world as
something external to our theories of it
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Constitutive theory is one that thinks our theories actually help
construct the world
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2.4 New Approaches to International Relations
Theories
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The resulting map of international theory in the late
1990s is one that has three features:
 The first feature: This can be termed the
rationalist position and epitomized by the neoneo debate
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2.4 New Approaches to International Relations
Theories
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The resulting map of international theory in the late 1990s is
one that has three features:
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The second feature: the emergence of non-positivist
theories, which together can be termed the refectionist
position, and epitomized by
 Post-modernist
 Critical theory
 Historical sociology
 Normative theory
 Feminist theory
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2.4 New Approaches to International Relations
Theories
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The resulting map of international theory in the late
1990s is one that has three features:
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The third feature: social constructivism that tries to speak
to both rationalist and recflectist
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International Theory in the Late 1990s
Rationalism
Social Constructivism
Neo-Realist
Neo-Liberalism
Reflectivism
Post-modernism
Feminist Theory
Critical Theory
Historical Sociology
Fig. International Theory in the Late 1990s
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3. Structures and Processes of International Relations
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International Security in the Post-Cold War Era
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For much of the cold war period, security was
dominated by the idea of national security, which
was largely defined in militarized terms
 Collective security
 Security regimes
 Security community
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3. Structures and Processes of International Relations
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3.2 International Political Economy
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International political economy (IPE) is one of the most
important elements of the structure of international politics
and a central issue area for a globalizing international
relations
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The key issue of IPE is the concentration of world economic
activity in the countries of the Triad
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North America
European Union
Japan/Asia
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3. Structures and Processes of International Relations
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3.3 International Regimes
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Regimes are identified by R. Krasner (1983: 2) as
“sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and
decision making procedures around which actors'
expectations converge in a given area of international
relations”
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3. Structures and Processes of International Relations
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Regimes now help to regulate international relations in many
spheres of activity:
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1. Security Regimes
2. Environment Regimes
3. Communication Regimes
4. Economic Regimes
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3. Structures and Processes of International Relations
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Regimes now help to regulate international relations in many
spheres of activity:
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Communication Regimes
In 1863 the major industrial states came together to establish a
standardized system for postal communication and this was
formalized with the establishment of the Universal Postal Union in
1874
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In 1865, the International Telegraph Union came into existence to
regulate telegraph communication and this evolved into the
International Telecommunications Union in 1932 to cope with the
increasingly complex technological developments in communication
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3. Structures and Processes of International Relations
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3.4 Diplomacy
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From the perspective of world politics as a whole,
diplomacy refers to a process of communications
that is central to the workings of the international
system
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Diplomacy plays a key role in the foreign policy
behavior of states and other actors
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Waves of Communication Revolution
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The history of communication development is one of
continuing technological progress
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At the very end of the nineteen century Radios was
developed as the first communication medium that could be
sent broadly, could cross borders without permission
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The subsequently invention of television 1927 expanded the
range and scope of what could be broadly transmitted over
the air without requiring laying cables
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Waves of Communication Revolution
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Telegraphy, radios, telephone transform the ability
to communicate over immense spaces
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Advances in radio and television telephone have
led to another round of dramatic decease in the
cost of communication
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Each new technology improved the speed,
capacity, and reliability of communication, and the
cost of communicating declined dramatically over
time
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Waves of Communication Revolution
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Ironically the Internet itself is a product of U.S.
defense concerns
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It began as a network created by ARPA (Advanced
Research Project Agency on the Defense
Department (called “ARPANET”)
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4. International Issues
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In this last part of the lecture, we will provide a select range of
 theoretical perspectives
 and empirical analysis
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for understanding the impact of the communication
revolutions on
 international security
 the world political economy
 human rights
 gender relations
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4. International Issues
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The current communication revolution is in the process of
restructuring the constellation of the international issues in the global
society
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4.1 Environment Issues
4.2 Nuclear Proliferation
4.3 Nationalism
4.4 Cultural Conflict in International Relations: The West
and Islam
4.5 Global Trade and Finance
4.6 Poverty and Development
4.7 Human Rights
4.8 Gender Issues
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4. International Issues
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International co-operation
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Increasing demand and pressure for government
deregulation of telephone, commercial television, cable,
satellite and internet services
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Civil societies are increasingly able to reduce their isolation
and build far-flung networks within and across national
boundaries, coordinate and coordinate collective action
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Citizen-based networks could yield a major new global
peace and disarmament movements
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4. International Issues
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Communication revolution
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Is likely to foster not only international cooperation, but
also peace
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The democratic peace thesis builds on a growing body
of evidence
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The importance of communication to democratic civic
culture supports the expectation that democracies
strive to develop intensely communicative international
relationships
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4. International Issues
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If fact, it can be argued that, largely owning to
communication, the Westphalian system is already past
history
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Computer data transmissions and telephone calls
do not halt at frontier checkpoints
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Such technology permit persons to have nearly
immediate contact with each other, irrespective of
their location on earth and regardless of the state
borders that might lie between them
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4. International Issues
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High quality Communication lowers forecasting errors and
eliminates accidental wars
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Improved communication between the ruled and ruler
increases the pacifying impact of public opinion on foreign
policy
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USA an the Soviet governments have been quick to recognize
the impact Satellite technology for security reasons
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4. International Issues
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Communication revolution will
 topple (overthrow ) bureaucracies
 reduce the role of the nation-sate
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4. International Issues
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The expectation of net war will be easily initiated
and waged, participant will be able to build and
maintain complex networks
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4. International Issues
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State regularly capacities have ceased to meet the criteria of
sovereignty as it was traditionally conceived
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Communication increases trade and economic
interdependence, which in turn produces international
cooperation
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In the face of huge offshore bank deposits and massive
worldwide electronic money transfers, states have also lost
sole ownership of another former hallmark of sovereignty´, the
national currency
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Gender Issues
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With the help of global conferences and global
telecommunications significant supraterritorial
bonds have been cemented in women’s
movements and in thousands of computermediated communities formed through newsgroups
on the Internet
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Global Social Movements
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Global social movements are mobilized to reshape
policies and deeper structures of social relations
(like militarism or capitalism)
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They pursue their causes by exploiting computer
networks
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Liberals and Communication
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Liberals underlie the rosy view that communication
and contact have pacific consequence on
international politics
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Increasing communitarian and interaction improves
the prospects o cooperation
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The greater the contact, the greater the respect
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Conflict is rooted in miscommunication
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Summary
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The International political history of
communication is that it parallels and
amplifies trends in international
relations and international relations
theory
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