Transcript Document

AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
Giving your Speech:
Developing Confidence
Lecture by Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
based on
Clella Jaffe’s Public Speaking
Communication apprehension (CA)
Is the fear of negative reaction you might experience
because you speak out
•
A specific type of CA is public speaking anxiety
(PSA)
•
•
•
(PSA) has two dimensions:
1. Process anxiety
2. Performance anxiety
18/07/2015
2
1. Process anxiety
•
1. Process anxiety:
•
You are experiencing process anxiety when you
feel unsure about the how-to of speechmaking,
when you lack confidence that you
•
–
–
–
18/07/2015
Can choose a topic
Do research
Organize your ideas
3
2. Performance Anxiety:
•
2. Performance Anxiety:
•
You are experiencing performance anxiety when
you worry about actually presenting your ideas,
when you think you fear you will forget your speech
18/07/2015
4
Develop Speechmaking Skills
To an extent, you can decrease dread by
•
Studying speech principles
•
Observing others speak
•
Speaking yourself
18/07/2015
5
Canons of Rhetoric
While studying the “How-to” of speech-making,
educators of speech divided the entire process
into five major categories: (five canons of rhetoric)
•
•
•
•
•
1. Creating the speech
2. Organizing speech materials
3. Choosing effective language
4. learning the major ideas
5. Delivering the Speech
18/07/2015
6
Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
The principles of invention help you analyze your
audience, select an appropriate topic and purpose,
gather evidence and develop reasonable and logical
arguments and explanations
18/07/2015
7
Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
•
1. Consider Your Audience
–
–
Think of your audience as a mini-culture
Consider your audience in terms of
– Beliefs
– Values
– Attitudes
–
Look around and note factors that might influence your
speaking choices
Notice obvious categories such as gender and age
–
18/07/2015
8
Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
•
2. Choose a Topic
–
Be sure you understand what is expected
–
Choose to reveal something unusual
–
Select a significant topic
–
Consider your listener’s sensibilities
18/07/2015
9
Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
•
3. Identify your Purpose
–
–
Identify your reasons for speaking
What do you expect from them
– Is your purpose to inform
– Is your purpose to persuade
– Is your purpose to entertain
18/07/2015
10
Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
•
4. Gather Speech (Verbal/Visual) Materials
»
»
»
»
–
Primary material
•
–
(Interview, Learn its techniques)
Secondary material
•
18/07/2015
Definitions
Facts
Examples
Quotations
(Encyclopedia, Handbooks, Books, magazines,
newspapers and online resources)
11
Organize Your Ideas:
The Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
•
1. Arrange the ideas (Koran)
–
–
–
18/07/2015
Introduction: where you orient the audience to
the subject
Body: where you explain and develop your
major ideas
Conclusion: where you leave your listeners with
a memorable conclusion
12
Organize Your Ideas:
The Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
•
2. Connect your ideas
–
Use simple connectives such as:
•
•
–
–
18/07/2015
First, next and finally
Have logical divisions
Connectives have a function;
They help your listeners keep their place in the
speech by linking the various points to one
another and to the speech as a whole
13
Choose Suitable language:
The Canon of Style
•
1. Consider Your Style (use language effectively in both speaking and
writing)
–
–
–
–
–
18/07/2015
Choose appropriate vocabulary and grammar for both the
occasion and the audience
Omit offending language that demeans people on the
basis of their sex, race, or age (sexist, racist)
Either define technical terms or eliminate them
Choose more familiar language
Use formal language
14
Learn and Present Your Speech:
The Canon of Memory and Delivery
•
1. Consider Your memory
–
–
–
–
18/07/2015
Memorized delivery is highly risky
Stay away from manuscript delivery (read it to audience)
Avoid impromptu delivery (with little preparation)
Use extemporaneous delivery (you determine in advance
the organizational outline and the major ideas)
15
Learn and Present Your Speech:
The Canon of Memory and Delivery
•
1. Consider Your delivery
–
–
–
–
–
–
18/07/2015
Make eye contact with your listeners
Have pleasant facial expressions
Avoid a monotone voice
Smile at appropriate times
Be conversational
Stay within the time limits
16
AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
Manage your Communication Apprehension
Lecture by Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
based on
Clella Jaffe’s Public Speaking
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Physiological Responses
To manage your communication apprehension
•
Engage in some forms of physical exercise before
the speech
•
Focus on relaxing your muscles
•
Breathe slowly and deeply
18/07/2015
18
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Physiological Responses
To manage your communication apprehension
•
Focus on the speech
•
Use visual aids
•
Deliver your introduction from notes rather than
reading it or reciting it
18/07/2015
19
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
•
Control internal monologue by cognitive
modification
•
Identify negative internal monologue
•
Replace it with positive internal monologue
18/07/2015
20
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
•
Think positively in three areas:
» The message
» The audience
» The speaker
18/07/2015
21
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about the message
•
•
•
•
Select a topic that interests you
Is beneficial to your audience
Give yourself time for research and organization
Be sure of your pronunciation
18/07/2015
22
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about the audience
•
Think that the audience does not consist of expert
•
Focus of the purpose of your speech
•
Think of how your audience would feel if they had
to give a speech in your native language
18/07/2015
23
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about yourself
•
Maintain a positive self-image by focusing on the
things you do well
•
Remind yourself that your worth as a person is
unrelated to your skill as a novice public speaker
and that competence develops with experience
18/07/2015
24
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
•
•
Use visualization
Visualization is a form of positive self-talk or mental
strategizing in which you see yourself successfully
performing a complex task
18/07/2015
25
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
•
•
•
•
•
Rehearse
Find a place where you can deliver your speech
loud
Find a private audience (friend, classmates, family)
Focus on communicating in a conversational
manner
The more prepared you are, the better you will feel
18/07/2015
26