Transcript Appendix A PowerPoint Presentation

APPENDIX A
HARDWARE
AND
SOFTWARE
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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INTRODUCTION
 Information technology (IT) - Any
computer-based tool that people use to work
with information and support the information
and information-processing needs of an
organization
• Hardware - Consists of the physical devices
associated with a computer system
• Software - The set of instructions that the
hardware executes to carry out specific tasks
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HARDWARE BASICS
 Computer - An electronic device operating
under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory that can accept, manipulate, and store
data
 Hardware components include:
1.
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4.
5.
6.
Central processing unit (CPU)
Primary storage
Secondary storage
Input device
Output device
Communication device
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
 Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) The actual hardware that interprets and executes the
program (software) instructions and coordinates how all
the other hardware devices work together
 Control unit - Interprets software instructions and literally
tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the
software instructions
 Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - Performs all arithmetic
operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all
logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
 The number of CPU cycles per second
determines the speed of a CPU
• Megahertz (MHz) - The number of millions of
CPU cycles per second
• Gigahertz (GHz) - The number of billions of
CPU cycles per second
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PRIMARY STORAGE
 Primary storage - The computer’s main
memory, which consists of the random
access memory (RAM), cache memory, and
the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly
accessible to the CPU
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SECONDARY STORAGE
 Secondary storage - Consists of equipment
designed to store large volumes of data for
long-term storage
• Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) - Roughly 1 million
bytes
• Gigabyte (GB) - Roughly 1 billion bytes
• Terabyte (TB) - Roughly 1 trillion bytes
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OPTICAL MEDIUM
 Optical medium types include:
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Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM)
Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive
Digital video disk (DVD)
DVD-ROM drive
Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)
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INPUT DEVICES
 Input device - Equipment used to
capture information and commands
• Manual input devices
Joystick
Keyboard
Microphone
• Automated input devices
Bar code scanner
Digital camera
Magnetic ink character reader
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OUTPUT DEVICES
 Output device - Equipment used to see,
hear, or otherwise accept the results of
information processing requests
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Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Laser printer
Ink-jet printer
Plotter
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COMMUNICATION DEVICES
 Communication device - Equipment
used to send information and receive it
from one location to another
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Dial-up access
Cable
Digital subscriber line
Wireless
Satellite
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COMPUTER CATEGORIES
 Computer categories include:
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Personal digital assistant (PDA)
Laptop
Tablet
Desktop
Workstation
Minicomputer
Mainframe computer
Supercomputer
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SOFTWARE BASICS
 System software - Controls how the various
technology tools work together along with the
application software
• Operating system software
• Utility software
• Application software
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UTILITY SOFTWARE
 Types of utility software
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Crash-proof
Disk image
Disk optimization
Encrypt data
File and data recovery
Text protect
Preventative security
Spyware
Uninstaller
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Types of application software
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Bowser
Communication
Data management
Desktop publishing
Email
Groupware
Presentation graphics
Programming
Spreadsheet
Word processing