Transcript China Overview PPT Lecture 2

Lecture Two: History of China
By: Xueyan Hu
CTGU
Timeline of China
1 Prehistory
1.1 Paleolithic
1.2 Neolithic
2 Ancient era
2.1 Xia Dynasty (ca. 2100-ca. 1600
BC)
2.2 Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700-1046
BC)
2.3 Zhou Dynasty (1066-256 BC)
2.4 Spring and Autumn Period (722476 BC)
2.5 Warring States Period (476-221
BC)
Timeline of China
3. Imperial era
3.1 Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC)
3.2 Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220)
3.3 Wei and Jin Period (AD 265–420)
3.4 Wu Hu Period (AD 304–439)
3.5 Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420–589)
3.6 Sui Dynasty (AD 589–618)
3.7 Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907)
3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960)
3.9 Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia Dynasties (AD
960–1234)
3.10 Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271–1368)
3.11 Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644)
3.12 Qing Dynasty (AD 1644–1911)
4. Modern era
4.1 Republic of China
4.2 1949 to Present
Primitive Society
China, one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, has a
recorded history of nearly 4,000 years.
A fossil anthropoid unearthed in Yuanmou in Yunnan
Province, “Yuanmou Man,” who lived approximately
1.7 million years ago, is China’s earliest primitive man
known so far.
Yuanmou Man site
The Neolithic Age started in China about 10,000
years ago, and relics from this period can be found all
over the country. Artificially grown rice and millet as
well as farming tools have been found in the remains
of Hemudu in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, and Banpo,
near Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, respectively. These
relics date back some 6,000-7,000 years.
Hemudu
Banpo
Slave Society
The Xia Dynasty was founded in 2070 B.C. The center of its activities
was the western section of modern Henan Province and the southern
section of modern Shanxi Province, and its sphere of influence reached the
northern and southern areas of the Yellow River. With the Xia Dynasty,
China entered slave society
Yu ,the Great, Conquered the Flood
(大禹治水)
Yu
Shang Dynasty
the Shang Dynasty is renowned for its high development of
bronze techniques, which brought about the separation of Chinese
society into town and country dwellers.
四羊方尊
司母戊鼎
甲骨文
The Zhou Dynasty
It’s a significant period in Chinese history which
experienced the evolution of the Chinese society from
a slave one to a feudal one.
Spring and Autumn Period
Spring and Autumn (770-476 B.C.) and Warring States
(475-221 B.C.) periods, are characterized by the
decline in power of the ruling house and struggles for
power among regional powers, marking the transition
from slave society to feudal society.
Warring States period
河 奴
匈
秦
水
咸阳
周
楚
郢
赵
长平
魏
郑
蓟
燕
邯郸
水
大梁
济
临淄
淮
韩
水
水
江
齐
The Hundred Schools of Thought of
Chinese philosophy blossomed during
this period, and such influential
intellectual movements
as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and
Mohism were founded, partly in
response to the changing political world.
The Spring and Autumn Period is
marked by a falling apart of the central
Zhou power. China now consists of
hundreds of states, some of them only
as large as a village with a fort.

百家争鸣
Lao Zi
Mencius
Confucius
Mo Zi
the Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty is well known for
beginning the Great Wall of China, which
was later augmented and enhanced
during the Ming Dynasty.
The other major contributions of the Qin
include the concept of a centralized
government, the unification of the legal
code, development of the written
language, measurement, and currency of
China after the tribulations of the Spring
and Autumn and Warring States Periods.

Qin Shi Huang had work on his enormous mausoleum
started early in his reign. The terracotta warriors of the
“underground army” guarding the mausoleum, unearthed in
1974, amazed the world. The 8,000 vivid, life-size pottery
figures, horses and chariots have been called the “eighth
wonder of the world.”
Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - A.D. 220) and the "Silk Road"
Liu Bang established the powerful
Han Dynasty in 206 B.C. During the
Han Dynasty, agriculture, handicrafts
and commerce flourished, and the
population reached 50 million.

Liu Bang
Silk Road

Zhang Qian was dispatched twice as his envoy to the Western Regions,
and in the process pioneered the route known as the "Silk Road" from
Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and Central
Asia, and on to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Chinese silk
goods were traded to the West along the Silk Road.
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907)


After the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms
Period (220-265), the Jin Dynasty (265-420), the
Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589) and
the Sui Dynasty (581-618) were succeeded by the
Tang Dynasty, established by Li Yuan in 618.
Li Shimin, or Emperor Taizong (r. 626-649), son of
Li Yuan, adopted a series of liberal policies,
pushing the prosperity of China’s feudal society to
its peak.
盛世唐朝（贞观之治）
“唐宴春”酒

By the 660s, China’s influence had firmly taken
root in the Tarim and Junggar basins and the Ili
River valley, and even extended to many city-states
in Central Asia. During this period, extensive
economic and cultural relations were established
with many countries, including Japan, Korea, India,
Persia and Arabia.
唐蕃古道

Besides political hegemony, the Tang also
exerted a powerful cultural influence over
neighboring states such as those
in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Such was the
dynasty's influence that even today, the
Chinese term for Chinatown bears the
dynastic title (Tangrenjie (唐人街), or The
Tang People's Street).
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (960 - 1911)
The period of the Five Dynasties
and Ten States, which succeeded
the Tang Dynasty, was one of
almost continual warfare.

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the State of Later
Zhou, established the Song Dynasty (960-1279),
historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty.

When the Song Dynasty moved its capital to
the south, historically called the Southern
Song Dynasty, it brought advanced economy
and culture to the south, giving a great
impetus to economic development.
《清明上河图》
Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271–1368)


The Jurchen-founded Jin Dynasty was defeated by
the Mongols, who then proceeded to defeat the
Southern Song in a long and bloody war, the first
war in which firearms played an important role.
During the era after the war, adventurous
Westerners such as Marco Polo travelled all the
way to China and brought the first reports of its
wonders to Europe.
four great inventions (Song-Yuan period )
During the Song-Yuan period, the “four great inventions” in science and
technology of the Chinese people in ancient were further developed,
and introduced to foreign countries, making great contributions to world
civilization.
the compass
papermaking
gunpowder
printing
Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644)


Throughout the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted less than a
century, there was relatively strong sentiment among the
populace against the Mongol rule. The frequent natural
disasters since the 1340s finally led to peasant revolts. The
Yuan Dynasty was eventually overthrown by the Ming
Dynasty in 1368.
China under the early Ming Dynasty was not isolated.
Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world,
particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese
merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East
Africa with the voyages of Zheng He.
During his reign, he dispatched
a eunuch named Zheng He to lead
a fleet of many ships to make seven
far-ranging voyages. Passing the
Southeast Asian countries, the
Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and
Maldives Islands, Zheng He explored
as far as Somalia and Kenya on the
eastern coast of Africa. These were
the largest-scale and longest voyages
in the world before the age of Columbus.
郑和（1371——1435年）
郑和下西洋路线
Qing Dynasty (AD 1644–1911)

The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after
the defeat of the Ming, the last Han Chinese
dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were
formerly known as the Jurchen. When Beijing was
captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644,
the last Ming Emperor Chongzhen committed
suicide. The Manchu then allied with Ming Dynasty
general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing,
which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty.
Modern Period (1840 - 1919)

During the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty
declined rapidly. Britain smuggled large
quantities of opium into China, making the
Qing government impose a ban on the drug.
巡视戒烟的清朝官员

The Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yatsen was one of the greatest events in
modern Chinese history, as it overthrew the
200-odd-year-old Qing Dynasty, ending over
2,000 years of feudal monarchy, and
established the Republic of China
New-Democratic Revolution (1919 - 1949)

The May 4th Movement of 1919 is regarded as the ideological
origin of many important events in modern Chinese history. Its
direct cause was the unequal treaties imposed on China after the
First World War.
Out of strong patriotism, students initiated the movement, and it further
developed into a national protest movement of people from all walks of
life. It also marked the introduction into China of various new ideologies,
among which the spread of Marxism-Leninism was worthy of special
mention.

Under the influence of Russia’s October
Revolution of 1917, 12 delegates, including Mao
Zedong, representing communist groups in
different places throughout the nation, held the
First National Congress in Shanghai in 1921 to
found the Communist Party of China (CPC).

The Chinese people led by the CPC underwent successively the
Northern Expeditionary War (1924-27), War of Agrarian Revolution
(1927-37), War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-45) and War of
Liberation (1946-49). Owing to the cooperation and joint resistance of
the CPC and Kuomintang the Japanese aggressors were defeated.
War of Resistance Against Japan
War of Liberation

But shortly after the anti-Japanese war, the
Kuomintang launched a civil war again. After
the three-year War of Liberation led by the
CPC, the Kuomintang government was finally
overthrown in 1949.
渡江战役
People's Republic of China (1949- )

On October 1, 1949 a grand ceremony was
witnessed by 300,000 people in Beijing’s
Tiananmen Square, and Mao Zedong, chairman of
the Central People’s Government, solemnly
proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic
of China (PRC).

The CPC reinstated Deng Xiaoping, previously general secretary of
the CPC, in all the Party and governmental posts he had been
dismissed from during the “cultural revolution.” In 1979, China
instituted a guiding policy of “reform and opening to the outside
world” under Deng’s leadership, and the focus was shifted to
modernization.
Deng Xiaoping
Shen Zhen