Transcript Chap 12 - East and SE Asia

Chapter 12
The Spread of Civilizations
in East and Southeast Asia
500 - 1650
Chapter 12, Section 1
Two Golden Ages of China
Tang Dynasty Reunifies China
► China
was divided after the Han Dynasty
collapsed in 220 for almost 400 years
► Several dynasties tried to achieve China’s
greatness that had passed
► No one could achieve the greatness that
was once China until the Tang Dynasty
emerged in 618
Tang Build an Empire
► Li
Yuan and his son Li Shimin crushed all
rivals and established the Tang Dynasty
► 8 years later, Li Shimin convinced his father
to step down and took the throne himself
 He then took the name Tang Taizong
 He was a brilliant general, government reformer,
and historian
►He
would become China’s most admired Emperor
Tang Build an Empire
► Later
Tang leaders would eventually
conquer new lands deep into Central Asia
► China forced its neighbors  Vietnam, Tibet
and Korea to become Tributary States:
 Areas that were self – governing but had to
acknowledge Chinese supremacy
 They had to send regular tribute (money) to
Chinese emperor
Government and Economy Grow
► Tang
rulers such as empress Wu Zhao helped
restore the Han system of government throughout
China
 They rebuilt the bureaucracy and expanded civil service
system to recruit talented people
► Land
Reforms  Emperors broke up large
landholdings and gave small pieces of land to
peasants to weaken the power of landowners
 This strengthened the central government
Tang Dynasty Declines
► Like
other dynasties, the Tang eventually
weakened and declined for many reasons:


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
Later emperors lost territories in Central Asia
Corruption in the government
High taxes
Drought
Famine
Several rebellions  The last rebel general
finally overthrew the final Tang Emperor
Song Dynasty
► Ruled
China for 319 years (little longer than
the Tang)
 Actually controlled less land than the Tang
► Faced
a constant threat of invasions in the
North
► Early 1100s  Song retreats to the south to
rule for another 150 years
► Late 1200s  Mongols overthrow the Song
Song Dynasty
► Even
though the Song was not a great
military power, achievements were common
 China’s wealth and culture dominated East Asia
 Economy expanded because of farming
improvements and open border policy
 Open border policy allowed farmers to import a
very fast growing rice
►Now
farmers were able to grow two crops per year:
►1) Fast growing rice 2) Another cash crop to sell
Song Dynasty
► Under
the Tang and Song, foreign trade
flourished
► Merchants would come to China from India,
Persia, Arabia to trade
 Chinese merchants carried goods to SE Asia in
exchange for spices and special woods
 In order to improve trade, the Chinese
government issued paper money
China’s Society
► Gentry




Value Education
Gentry  wealthy, landowning class
Studied Confucian ideas for years
Gentry valued learning more than physical labor
Supported a revival of Confucian ideals
► Peasants
Work the Land
 They lived on what they produced (drought and famine
were always threats)
 New tools and crops improved the lives of peasants
 Peasants could move up in society through education
China’s Society
► Merchants
are the Lowest
 According to Confucian tradition, merchants were lower
than peasants
 Their riches came of the labor of other people
 Most merchants would try to educate one child in order
to move up in society
► Status
of Women
 Enjoyed higher status during Tang and Song dynasties
 Women ran the household (finances, cleaning, etc.)
 Society valued boys more than girls
Tang and Song Culture
► Artists
Paint Harmony
 Poetry, painting and calligraphy were essential skills for
scholar – gentry
 Artists would seek balance and perfection through skills
 Wanted to capture spiritual essence of natural world
► Architecture
and Porcelain
 Chinese architecture was influenced by Buddhist ideas
 Chinese Pagoda  multistoried temple with eaves that
curve up at the corners
 Chinese sculptors created statues resembling Buddha
Chinese Pagoda
Chinese Writing
► Among
the gentry, poetry was the most
respected form of literature
► Confucian scholars were expected to master
the skills of poetry
► Li Bo  greatest Tang poet (wrote about
life and freedom)
 Moved from one place to another most of his
life
Review
1)
Which Chinese Dynasty collapsed that led the way for
the Tang Dynasty to become powerful?
►
►
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2)
A
B
C
D
Song
Han
Chang
Huang
Within society in China, which group of people was lower
than peasants?
►
►
►
►
A
B
C
D
Gentry
Government officials
Merchants
Farmers
Chapter 12, Section 2
Mongol and Ming Empires
Mongol Armies Build Empire
► Genghis
Khan imposed strict military
discipline and demanded absolute loyalty
► He had highly trained armies with skilled
horsemen throughout the world
 He could order the massacre of an entire city if
he pleased
 Yet, he could also be very generous…giving
people rewards for their work
Mongols Invade China
► Mongols
conquered the Asian steppe easily
► As they moved into China, they encountered
cities with protective walls
► Eventually, through the use of cannons and
launching the first missiles (through metal
tube with gunpowder) they were successful
 Genghis Khan did not live to see this
 His successors are the ones who became rulers
of Asia
Rulers Establish Order and Peace
► Mongols
usually let conquered people live as
they had before
 As long as they paid tribute to the Mongols
► Genghis
Khan set the example to rule with
toleration and justice
 His sons and grandsons ruled with established
peace and order within their lands
 Political stability set the stage for economic
growth
China Under Mongol Rule
► Genghis
Khan’s grandson  Kublai Khan
is responsible for taking over the last Song
emperor in 1279
 He wanted to make sure the Mongols would not
be absorbed as other conquerors had been
 He only let Mongols fight in the army
 Reserved the highest government jobs for
Mongols
 He did allow Chinese officials to rule in
provinces
Ming Restore Chinese Rule
► 1368
 Zhu Yuanzhang led a rebel army
that took over the Mongols
► This founded the Ming Dynasty…means
brilliant dynasty
 Wanted the restore Chinese greatness
 Original capital was in Nanjing but eventually
moved to Beijing
 Restored civil service system and Confucian
learning
Ming Dynasty
► Economy
Grows
 Ming China was very productive
 Fertile, well – irrigated lands provided a large
population
 Porcelain, paper and tool factories were in cities
► Culture
Flourishes
 Ming China saw a revival in arts and literature
 Confucian scholars continued to create poetry
Chinese Fleets Sail the Seas
► Ming
rulers sent their sailors into distant
waters to show their power
► Zheng He  commanded the first of seven
expeditions carrying 62 huge ships and 200
smaller ships (28,000 sailors)
 He explored the coast of SE Asia and India
 Visited ports of East Africa
 Exotic animals (giraffes) were imported to China
Exploration Ends
► 1435
 Zheng He dies and Ming emperor
bans the building of anymore ships
► Zheng He’s huge ships were retired and no
longer used
► Because China stopped exploring they were
not a respected exploration country like
Spain (Christopher Columbus)
 Spain’s voyage in search of a sea route to Asia
made them a power in the water
Chapter 12, Section 3
Korea and Its Traditions
Geography of Korean Peninsula
► Korea
 located on a peninsula that juts
south for Asian mainland, toward Japan
► Low, steep mountains cover about 70% of
Korea’s landscape
► Most people live along western coastal plain
because farming is difficult in the mountains
 Korea has 5,400 miles of coastline
 Hundreds of good harbors
Location Affects Korea
► Korea’s
location has played a key role in its
development
► Korea has received many cultural and
technological influences
 China has extended political control into Korea
 Korea has served as the cultural bridge between
China and Japan
 Confucian traditions, Chinese ideas about
government have influenced Korea
Answer on your map paper
► After
you complete the map and color the
dynasties answer the following question:
► How
did the relative location of Korea
have an influence on the development
of the Korean civilization?
Silla Dynasty
► Under
the Silla Dynasty, Korea prospered
and the arts flourished
► Silla civilization was very advanced
 Buddhism became very popular
► Trade
with China was conducted
 Medicine, astronomy, metal casting, sculpture,
and textiles all reached heights
 Eventual problems with peasants and aristocrats
caused this dynasty to decline
Koryo Dynasty
► Koryo
Dynasty replaced the Silla in 918
► Confucianism and Buddhism were
widespread at this time
► Koreans improved Chinese inventions during
Koryo Dynasty
 Movable metal typing was created to print
books
 Celadon  art of making porcelain with a blue
– green glaze was perfected
Choson Dynasty
► Mongols
invaded Korea between 1231-1250
► 1258  Koryo made peace with Mongols
 Lack of tax income weakened the dynasty
► 1392
 Koryo was overthrown and taken
over by the Choson Dynasty
 This dynasty was the longest – lived dynasty in
Korean history (over 500 years)
 Government was set up based on Confucianism
Choson Dynasty
► Korea
Creates Alphabet
 1443  King Sejong replaced the complex
Chinese writing system and made hangul
 Hangul  Korean alphabet (symbols represent
sounds)…led to high literacy rate
► Japan
Invades
 1590s  Japan invades Korea in hopes of
getting to China
 Stayed for 6 years and burned places all over
the peninsula
Review
1)
Why do most people in Korea live on the coastline?
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2)
A
B
C
D
The mountains are not as high on the coastline
They think its warmer
Because it is very difficult to farm within the mountains
They enjoy surfing
Which of the three Korean Dynasties lasted the
longest and had the most impact on Korean history?
►
►
►
A
B
C
Koryo
Choson
Silla
Chapter 12, Section 4
The Emergence of Japan and the
Feudal Age
Geography of Japan
► Located
on an archipelago – chain of
islands…100 miles off the Asian mainland
► Located east of Korean peninsula
► Four main islands are


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Hokkaido
Honshu
Kyushu
Shikoku
Seas Protect Japan
► Most
people settled in narrow river valleys
along the coastal plains
 4/5 of Japan is too mountainous to farm
► Mild
climate and sufficient rainfall do help
the Japanese farmers
► Surrounding seas have protected and
isolated Japan
 However, Japan is close enough to learn from
both Korea and China
Forces of Nature
► Japan
lies within the Ring of Fire:
 Chain of volcanoes that encircle the Pacific
Ocean
► This
region is subject to frequent
earthquakes and volcanoes
► Tsunamis are also a threat  Under water
earthquakes that launch killer tidal waves
 Will wipe out everything in its path
Early Traditions
► Japanese
people migrated from Asian
mainland more than 2,000 years ago
► Early Japanese society was broken up into
clans or uji
 Each uji had its own chief and a special god or
goddess
 This god was seen as the clan’s original
ancestor
 Some clan leaders were actually women
Early Traditions
► Yamato
Clan
 A.D. 500  Yamato started to dominate Japanese
islands
 For 1,000 years, the Yamato plain was the heart of
Japanese government (first and only dynasty)
► Religion
of Nature
 Early Japanese clans honored kami or superior powers
that were divine
 Shinto  worship of the forces of nature
 Hundreds of Shinto shrines are located all over Japan
Korean Connection
► From
early on, Japan and Korea were in
constant contact
► Korean artisans and metalworkers settled in
Japan
 This brought skills and goods to Japan
► Missionaries
from Korea had introduced
Buddhism to Japan in the 500’s
 This sparked a knowledge of Chinese writing
and culture in Japan
Japan Looks to China
► Japanese
people would visit China for more
than a year at a time
► These visitors returned to Japan eager to
spread Chinese thought, technology and art
► They brought back Chinese ideas about
government
 Japanese rulers adopted the idea of absolute
power from China
 Japan adopted a law code and strengthened the
central government
Japan Looks to China
► 710
 Japanese emperor built a new
capital at Nara (modeled on the Tang
capital)
► At Nara, Japanese nobles spoke Chinese
and dressed in Chinese fashion
 They cooked Chinese dishes
 They served food on Chinese-style pottery
 Japanese scholars used Chinese characters
(language) to write official documents
Selective Borrowing Preserves Culture
► Selective
Borrowing  process of
discarding or modifying ways of one culture
► Japan used some Chinese ways of life and
changed some others as well
 Example: Japan never adopted the civil service
system like China (Japan based on inheritance)
 This borrowing took place for 400 years
 Japan then created its own unique culture using
these cultural borrowings
Heian Period
► Blending
of cultures that took place from
794-1185 in Heian capital…present day
Kyoto
► Emperors performed religious ceremonies
► Wealthy families yielded most of the power
 Fujiwara was a wealthy family that would marry
their daughters to heirs of the throne
Heian Period
► Women
Shape the Court
 Noblemen and Noblewomen lived fairy-tale
lifestyles
 Heian women produced the most important
works of Japanese literature
► Lady
Murasaki (best known Heian writer)
 Wrote The Tale of Genji  world’s first full
length novel
 This book told of adventure of Prince Genji and
his son
Warriors Establish Feudalism
► The
emperor presided over the powerful
court at Heian
► While this took place, local lords battled for
power along the countryside
 Several armed bands were formed that were
loyal to local lords rather than the emperor
 As these armies struggled for power, Japan
emerged as a Feudal kingdom
Theory vs. Fact
► In
theory, the emperor stood atop the Japan
civilization
► In fact, he was actually powerless…he was
only a figurehead
 The real power was with the Shogun 
supreme military commander
 Minamoto Yoritomo was appointed shogun in
1192  he set up the first of three military
dynasties
Feudal Japan
► Ways
of the Warriors
 Shogun controlled a small piece of Japan  He
distributed land to vassal lords (Daiymo)
 Daiymos granted land to lesser lords or
samurais (fighting aristocracy)
 Developed bushido  code of conduct
► Noblewomen
Lost Ground
 As the samurai power increased, the position of
women declined (inheritance only went to sons)
Feudal Japan
► Peasants,
Artisans, Merchants
 Peasants made up 75% of population
 Artisans made the weapons for the samurai
 Merchants were the lowest (eventually go up)
► Japan
Holds off Mongols
 Mongols wanted to take over Japan as they did
to China and Korea
 A typhoon destroyed their ships and forced
them out
Tokugawas Unite Japan
►A
new dynasty took power in 1338 after the
Mongol invasions
 Level of warfare increased after 1450
 Arms were given to peasants as well as samurai
for fighting
► 1600
Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated his rivals
to become master of Japan
 The Tokugawa shogunate would rule until 1868
Central Government Imposed
► The
Tokugawa were determined to end
feudal warfare
 They imposed central government control on all
of Japan
► Created
a new system of government 
Centralized Feudalism
 This was a unified, orderly society
 Made great lords live with daiymos to control
them
Zen Buddhism Shapes Culture
► Buddhist
sect (part of society) from China
became widely accepted among samurai
► Known in Japan as Zen  it emphasized
self – reliance, meditation and devotion
 Zen stressed compassion for all people
 Zen monks sought to experience absolute
freedom
 Zen Buddhists believed people could seek
enlightenment through meditation
Chapter 12, Section 5
Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia
Geography of SE Asia
► SE
Asia is made up two major regions
► (1) Mainland SE Asia  includes several
peninsulas between India and China
 Present day Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
► (2)
20,000 islands scattered between the
Indian Ocean and the South China Sea
 Present day Indonesia, Singapore, and
Philippines
Geography of SE Asia
► Separated
by Mountains
 Mainland is separated by mountains and high
plateaus
 Mountains separate the 4 main river valleys
 Malacca and Sunda straits controlled trading
► Trade
Routes in Southern Seas
 Monsoons shaped trading patterns
 Between seasons merchants harbored vessels in
ports
Indian Culture in SE Asia
► Indian
merchants and Hindu priests filtered
into SE Asia spreading their culture
► Later…Buddhist monks would spread their
religion
► After trade and religion were spread, things
like writing, laws, government, art,
architecture and farming were influenced
Indian Culture
► Indian
Influence Reaches Peak
 Trade brought prosperity as merchants
exchanged goods
 Eventually, local Indian families gained power
 In turn, Indian ideas and culture grew
► Indians
Bring Islam
 After Hinduism and Buddhism, Indians
eventually brought Islam into SE Asia
 Traders would spread Islamic beliefs/culture
New Kingdoms Emerge
► The
blending of Indian influences with local
cultures produced a series of kingdoms
► Pagan Kingdom
Arose in present day Myanmar
1044  King Anawrahta united the region
He is credited with bringing Buddhism
He filled his capital with stupas  dome
shaped shrines
 Eventually taken over by Mongols in 1287
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New Kingdoms Emerge
► Khmer
Empire
 Reached peak between 800-1350
 Greatest rulers controlled present day
Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia
 Adapted Indian writing, art and math
► Srivijaya
Empire
 Flourished from 600s-1200s
 Controlled strait of Malacca (vital for shipping)
 Locals blended Indian culture with their own
Vietnam Emerges
► Chinese
Domination
 111 B.C.  Han armies conquer this area and
control for 1000 years
 Vietnamese adopt Confucianism
 Also adopt Chinese civil service system
 Built a government bureaucracy similar to China
 Daoism also helped shape Vietnamese society
Review
1)
The geography of SE Asia is made up of how many
regions?
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►
2)
A
B
C
D
Three regions
Two regions
Four regions
Six regions
Which of the following shaped trading in SE Asia?
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►
►
►
A
B
C
D
Merchants
Artisans
Indian influences
Monsoons