Transcript History_Part_Phase_3x

Yuan Ming Qing Dynasties
元朝 明朝 清朝
yuán míng qīng
Yuan Dynasty
元朝
• In 1206, Genghis Khan成吉思汗（chénɡ jí sī hán）
united the Mongolian tribes. The Mongols went on to
build a huge empire.
• In 1260, Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai founded the
Yuan Dynasty, with its capital in today’s Beijing.
• The Yuan army seized in Hangzhou in 1276, and in 1279 it
crushed the remaining forces of Southern Song Dynasty
and united the whole of China.
• The Yuan Dynasty endured until 1368, when Zhu
Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty.
• The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was broader than that of any of
the preceding dynasties, and Beijing became a world-renowned
commercial metropolis.
Marco Polo’s travels in China
• In the summer of 1271, Italian Marco Polo arrived in China with his
father and uncle after a journey which had taken four years.
• He became a favorite of Kublai Khan, who often sent him on
inspection tours. It is said that he served as the magistrate of
Yangzhou for three years. He also traveled to Southeast Asia during
this time. The three Europeans returned to their homeland in 1295.
•
Marco Polo wrote his account of his journey to China in his The
Travels of Marco Polo while in jail. His description of the fabulous
wealth of China under the Yuan Dynasty, and the prosperous cities
roused the interest of merchants and explorers. The result was
expanded contract between China and Europe.
The four great inventions
• The technique of making paper
The four great inventions
• The technique of making paper
The four great inventions
• The invention of the compass
The four great inventions
• The technique of printing
The four great inventions
• Gunpowder and firearms
The Ming and Qing Dynasties
(Before the Opium War of 1840 )
Further development of the unitary
multi-ethnic country and decline of
feudal society
Introduction
• The final phrase of Chinese
feudal society is represented
by the period of the Ming and
Qing dynasties, from the 14th
to 19th centuries.
•
Introduction
• The Ming Dynasty lasted over
280 years from its establishment
in Nanjing AD to 1644.
• The early reign of the Qing
Dynasty lasted over 190 years
from Emperor Shunzhi’s entry
into Beijing in 1644 to the
outbreak of the Opium War in
1840.
Introduction
• During this period, economic and
cultural between the East and the
West became more and more
frequent. The opening of new
navigation routes linked almost all
corners of the globe.
Introduction
• With the Industrial Revolution in the
West, capitalism progressed rapidly.
• However, China was left behind the
phrase of history, due to the
restrictions imposed by the feudal
political and economic structure,
which hampered the development of
commerce. But aggression by
Western colonialists forced the
Chinese feudal rulers to change their
attitude to the outside world.
Founder: Zhu Yuanzhang
• Zhu Yuanzhang was a born into a poor peasant
family.
• In the middle of the 14th century, with
famine, plagues, and peasant revolts sweeping
across China, Zhu rose to command the force
that conquered China and ended the Yuan
Dynasty.
Zheng He’s voyages
• In the early Ming Dynasty, China was one of
the most advanced and developed countries in
the world. In order to transmit the national
power and strengthen contacts with other
countries, Emperor Chengzu sent Zheng He on
six voyages to the Western Ocean (Southeast
Asia west of Brunei and the Indian Ocean) on a
diplomatic missions. Zheng He’s seventh and
last voyage was authorized by Emperor
Chengzu’s successor.
Zheng He’s voyages
• In 1405, Zheng He (1371-1435 AD) embarked on his
first voyage.
• His fleet of more than 200 ships carried well over
20,000 men, and large amounts of gold, precious
stones, porcelain and silk to be used for trade and
as gifts.
• The fleet sailed westwards as far as the Red Sea.
• The round trip took two years, some of the
countries they visited dispatched envoys bearing
tribute to the Ming court on Zheng’s ships.
Subsequent voyages took Zheng to the east coast
of Africa.
• Zheng’s voyages were a great feet in the world’s
navigation history. There are still some buildings in
Southeast Asia dedicated to his memory.
Zheng Chenggong Recovers Taiwan
• Taiwan has been an inseparable part of
China since ancient time.
• In 1624 AD, Dutch colonialists started to
build forts and seize territory on Taiwan.
In 1661, Zheng Chenggong, a Ming
general, set out with an army from
Jimen, resolved to drive the Dutch from
Taiwan.
• Zheng’s forces besieged the Dutch in
today’s Tainan City and cut off their
water supply. Refusing a huge bribe from
the Dutch commander, Zheng forced the
enemy to surrender, and expelled the
Dutch from Taiwan once and for all in
1662.
Data:
a brief history of China’s administration of Taiwan
• In 230 AD, Sun Quan, ruler of the state
of Wu in Three Kingdom Period, sent his
envoy Wei Wen to Taiwan.
• In 607 AD, Emperor Yangdi of the Sui
Dynasty, sent ministers to Taiwan to
reassure the local people.
• In 1292, Kublai Khan, Emperor Shizu of
the Yuan Dynasty, sent ministers to
Taiwan to reassure the local people.
• In 1335, the Yuan Dynasty set up the
Penghu Inspectorate as the official
administration of Taiwan.
• In 1684, the Qing Dynasty set up the
Taiwan Prefecture.
Li Shizhen and Bencaogangmu
• Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD) determined
to write a definitive material medica.
He spent 30 years on his life’s work,
which he completed at the age of 60.
• His book, titled with Bencaogangmu
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
contains details of 1,800 kinds of herbs
and other medicinal materials, 10,000
prescriptions and over 1,000
illustrations. It was the most scientific
description of traditional Chinese
medicine of its time, and still used
today, having been translated into
several major languages.
Peasant Uprising
• Li Zicheng was a Chinese rebel leader who
overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 and ruled
over China briefly as the emperor of the shortlived Shun dynasty before his death a year
later.
Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911)
• The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was the last imperial
dynasty in China. Founded by the Manchus, it was the
second non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all over
Chinese territory. The Manchus were formerly known
as Jurchen, residing in the northeastern part of the
Ming territory outside the Great Wall. They emerged as
the major threat to the late Ming dynasty after Nurhaci
united all Jurchen tribes and established an
independent state. However, the Ming dynasty would
be overthrown by Li Zicheng's peasants rebellion, with
Beijing captured in 1644 and the last Ming Emperor
Chongzhen committing suicide.
Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911)
• The Manchus enforced a 'queue order,' forcing the Han Chinese
to adopt the Manchu queue hairstyle. The traditional Han
clothing, or Hanfu, was also replaced by Manchu-style clothing
Qipao (bannermen dress and Tangzhuang).
Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911)
• The Kangxi Emperor ordered the creation of
Kangxi Dictionary, the most complete dictionary
of Chinese characters that had been compiled.
• The Qing dynasty set up the "Eight Banners"
system that provided the basic framework for the
Qing military organization. Bannermen could not
undertake trade or manual labour; they had to
petition to be removed from banner status. They
were considered a form of nobility and were
given preferential treatment in terms of annual
pensions, land and allotments of cloth.
Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911)
• The Manchu allied with the Ming dynasty general
Wu Sangui to seize Beijing, which was made the
capital of the Qing dynasty, and then proceeded
to subdue the remaining Ming's resistance in the
south. The decades of Manchu conquest caused
enormous loss of lives and the economic scale of
China shrank drastically.
• Nevertheless, the Manchus adopted the
Confucian norms of traditional Chinese
government in their rule and were considered a
Chinese dynasty.
Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911)
• Over the next half-century, all areas previously
under the Ming dynasty were consolidated
under the Qing. Xinjiang, Tibet, and Mongolia
were also formally incorporated into Chinese
territory.
Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911)
• By the end of Qianlong Emperor's long reign,
the Qing Empire was at its zenith. China ruled
more than one-third of the world's
population, and had the largest economy in
the world. By area it was one of the largest
empires ever.
The golden age of three emperors
• The reigns of the Qing
emperors Kangxi (1661-1722
AD), Yongzheng (1722-1735
AD) and Qianlong (17351796 AD) marked a period of
unprecedented prosperity
both politically and
economically.
The golden age of three
emperors
• Kangxi enjoyed the longest reign in
Chinese history. During his reign, the
separatist activities in Mongolia and
Tibet were quashed, and control of
Taiwan was wrested from Zheng
Chenggong’s descendants. In addition,
encroachment from tsarist Russia was
halted. Kangxi thus made great
contributions to the territorial
integrity of the country, as well as to
its security and prosperity.
The golden age of three
emperors
• Emperor Yongzheng proved
a worthy successor to
Kangxi’s policies.
• Emperor Qianlong also
strengthened the central
government’s control over
the ethnic-minority areas,
particularly in Tibet.