Transcript 600-1450 2012 Review

1000-1450
Review
Islam
•
•
•
•
•
Arabian Peninsula
Muhammad
5 Pillars
Reasons for success
Syncretism
Dar al-Islam
• Middle East, North Africa, Spain
• Sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia
• Syncretic
Umayyad Caliphate
•
•
•
•
Capital Damascus
Mawalis (non-Arab Muslims) pay taxes
Dhimmis (people of the Book) tolerated
Wealthy and powerful
Abassid Caliphate
• Capital Baghdad
• Mawalis equal to Arab Muslims, no
taxation
• Dhimmis tolerated
• Wealthy, cosmopolitan
• High literary culture, preserved ancient
culture
• Trade and commerce encouraged,
middlemen between Asia, Europe, Africa
• Travel over long distances possible: Ibn
Battuta
China and East Asia
• Golden Age of China: Sui, Tang, Song
Dynasties
• Sui Dynasty: reunification after Three
Kingdom Period. Buddhism dominant
• Building projects like the Grand Canal
raise taxes, cause peasant revolts
Tang Dynasty
•
•
•
•
•
China at greatest territorial extent
Capital Changan
Center of trade (Silk Road)
Buddhism
Neo-Confucianism develops during later
Tang as Emperors distrusted Buddhist
power and wealth
• Empress Wu greatest Tang ruler
• Tang conquered by invaders,
Song Dynasty
• Northern Song: capital Kaifeng
• Southern Song; capital Hangzhou
• Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism gradually
gaining strength
•
•
•
•
•
•
Population moves south
Tea, fish, rice
Population growth
Commercial Revolution
Proto-industrial
Neo-Confucianists oppose industrialization,
foreign trade, support agriculture. China must
not be dragged down by foreigners
• Gunpowder, printing, equine collar harness
Korea, Japan, East Asia
• Chinese cultural influence: writing system,
Buddhism, missionaries, merchants
encourage cultural diffusion
• Japan’s classical period: Heian Period
• Buddhism, Chinese culture. Cultural
copying
• Capital: Kyoto
• Feudalism develops as Emperors lose
power.
• Shoguns (military rulers) dominate bakufu
(tent governments.
• Kamakura Shogunate defeated Mongol
invasions
• Ashikaga Shogunate
• Japanese feudalism less structured,
formal than European feudalism of same
period.
• Similar hierarchical structure
India
•
•
•
•
Center of manufacturing and trade
Indian Ocean trade: monsoons.
India “on the way to everywhere”
Improves imported crops, sends them to
rest of world
• Indian numerals, zero, cotton, spices
Europe
•
•
•
•
•
Dark Ages
Church and Popes held enormous power
800-1300 Medieval warm period
Equine collar harness
Population growth
Charlemagne
•
•
•
•
Unifies most of Western Europe
Empire divided by his grandsons
Feudalism
Warfare
Trade revives
• Champagne region: crossroads, wise
rulers, Jewish population
• Flanders: wool, North Sea trade
• Italy: Venice and Genoa link to rest of
world
Crusades
• Religious wars
• Europeans recognize they are backwards
when exposed to Eastern culture
• Little effect on Dar al-Islam
Americas
•
•
•
•
Separate civilizations
Toltecs, Aztecs
Incas
Circumstantial evidence of contact
Mongols
• Chinggis Khan and sons/grandsons
conquer most of Asia including China.
• Opened trade routes
• Religious toleration
• Forbidden City of Beijing symbol of
multicutural empire
• Dar al Islam destroyed, Ottoman Turks
spread into Middle East
• Russia conquered, ruled by Golden Horde,
isolated from West
• Black Death spreads to Europe over trade
routes
• Yuan Dynasty in China, foreign rulers
hated by Chinese, Confucianists
Calamitous 14th century
•
•
•
•
Little Ice Age
Conflict
Black Death
European development slowed down
1400s
• Ming Voyages halted
• Ottoman Turks “conquest over commerce”
• European revival, new interest in outside
world.