Transcript Growth and Division

Chapter 5
Growth and Division
James Madison’s last
two years as president
saw leaders begin
programs to bind the
nation together.
 This included creating
a new national bank,
protecting American
manufacturers from
foreign competition,
and building new
canals and roads to
improve transportation
and link the country
together.
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Erie Canal
After the War of 1812,
nationalism swept across
the United States.
 Only one political party
existed, the Republicans.
 Federalist Party lost
popularity due to public
disapproval of the
Hartford Convention.
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Many Federalists joined
The War of 1812 showed
the Republicans.
the Republicans that a
 James Monroe won the
stronger national
presidency in 1816 with
government was
83% of the electoral vote.
necessary.
 “Era of Good Feeling” –
(1816-1824) time when
partisan abated and
nationalism was high
 By the 1820 election, the
Federalist Party was gone.
 All presidential candidates
were Republicans.
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James Monroe
The Second Bank
Republicans were
opposed to the idea of a
national bank and
blocked the renewal of
the First Bank of the
United States. State
chartered banks and
other private banks
expanded their lending
with bank notes that
were used as money.
Without a national
bank to regulate
currency, prices
increased during the
War of 1812.
2nd Bank of the United States
John C. Calhoun of South
Carolina introduced a bill
proposing the Second Bank of
the United States which would
issue notes that would serve as
a national currency and to
control state banks.
Tariffs and Transportation
After the War of 1812,
British goods poured
into the U.S. that
threatened to put
American
manufacturers out of
business.
 The Tariff of 1816
created a protective
tariff on imported
goods to protect
American
manufacturers.
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The Republicans wanted to
improve the nation’s
transportation system.
In 1816, John C. Calhoun
sponsored a federal internal
improvement plan.
Madison vetoed it because the
Constitution does not mention
raising money for
transportation.
State and local governments
along with private businesses
started to fund the building of
roads and canals.
The philosophy of Chief Justice John Marshall boosted the
forces helping to unify the nation after the war. Between
1816 and 1824, the Supreme Court issued rulings that
established the dominance of the nation over the states.
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McCulloch v. Maryland
The Supreme Court ruled on the
right to create a national bank
first. This 1819 case concerned
Maryland’s attempt to tax the
Second Bank of the United States.
The cashier at the bank refused to
pay the tax and the matter went to
the Supreme Court.
Marshall centered on the
“necessary and proper” clause.
This clause gave the federal
government the right to create a
bank.
The States had the power to tax,
but they could not interfere with
instruments of the federal
government. This established the
supremacy of the federal
government over the governments
of the states.
Gibbons v. Ogden
– In 1824, a company in New York had
been granted a monopoly to control all
steamboat traffic in New York waters.
When the company tried to expand its
monopoly to New Jersey, the matter went
to court. The Supreme Court declared
the monopoly unconstitutional.
Marshall noted that the Constitution
gave the federal government control over
interstate commerce including its
waterways.
– The Court ensured that federal law
would take precedence over state law in
interstate transportation.
– All these cases strengthened the power of
the federal government at the expense of
the states.
Jackson Invades Florida
•In the early 1800’s, Spain controlled Florida.
•Slaves and Native Americans fled to
Florida.
•The escaped slaves and Native Americans
united in Florida and called themselves
the Seminoles “runaway”.
•Seminole leader Kinache, warned an
American general to stay out of Florida.
•General Andrew Jackson invaded Florida
and stopped the attacks by the Seminoles.
•After destroying several Seminole villages,
he removed the Spanish Governor.
Adams-Onis Treaty
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Spanish officials
demanded that Jackson
be punished.
Secretary of State, John
Quincy Adams,
defended Jackson and
argued that the cause of
the dispute was Spain’s
failure to keep order in
Florida.
Unable to control other
problems in Latin
America, Spain ceded all
Florida to the United
States in the Adams-Onis
Treaty of 1819.
It also established the
western border of the
Louisiana Purchase and
the border of Mexico.
The Monroe Doctrine
Monroe, in 1823, declared
American continents
were, “henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for the
future colonization by any
European power.”
 This policy of trying to
prevent European powers
from interfering in Latin
American political affairs
 Upheld Washington’s
policy of avoiding
entanglements in
European affairs.
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American System
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A plan to strengthen and unify the nation
Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy
Adams.
Support for a high tariff to protect American
industries and generate revenue for the federal
government
Maintenance of high public land prices to
generate federal revenue
Preservation of the Bank of the United States to
stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and
local banks
Development of a system of internal
improvements (such as roads and canals) which
would knit the nation together and be financed
by the tariff and land sales revenues.
A Revolution in Transportation
Construction of the Erie
Canal began in the
summer of 1817.
 It would be the longest
canal in the United States
(363 miles) and connect
the Hudson River to Lake
Erie.
 In 1819, over 1,000 men
contacted diseases from
digging through the
swamps in which they
dug.
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It was completed in
1825. This led to social
and economic changes.
Made NY huge
successful business city.
Roads and Turnpikes
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In 1806, Congress funded the
construction of the National Road
(east-west highway) began.
Conestoga wagons drawn by
teams of oxen or mules carried
migrating pioneers west.
Stretched from Maryland to
Illinois.
The National Road was the only
great federally funded
transportation project of its time.
States, localities, and private
businesses began to construct toll
roads that became very profitable.
The National Road
Steamboats and Canals
In 1807, Robert
Fulton and Robert R.
Livingston invented
the Clermont
(steamboat).
 The steamboat made
river travel more
reliable and upstream
travel easier.
 This increased trade
and stimulated new
economic growth.
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The “Iron Horse”
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the railroad – also developed
in the early 1800’s. In 1830,
Peter Cooper built the 1st
locomotive called Tom
Thumb.
Railroad increased
settlement and growth in the
United States.
More than any other form of
transportation, railroads
sped the settlement of the
American West and
expanded trade.
Industrial Revolution
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Began in Britain
Machines and workers unite
in factories
Free Enterprise in U.S.
increase industrialization
Began in Northeast in U.S.
(many entrepreneurs willing
to invest)
Francis C. Lowell helped
shape the textile industry in
the North creating several
mills in 1814.
Technological Advances
Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
& Inter-changeable parts
 Samuel F.B. Morse – wired
telegraph improving
communications (1832)
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Industrialization
doubled or tripled many
cities populations.
 In 1820, only one city
had over 100,000 people.
 By 1860, eight cities had
reached that size.
 Growing cities offered
opportunities for many
different occupations.
 One group was printers
and publishers, who
shared the goal of
keeping the public
informed.
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American literacy rate
in 1840 was 75% with
90% of the white
population able to
read.
Many of the early writers,
editors, and teachers were
educated women.
 Sarah B. Hale and Lydia H.
Sigourney were leading
editors and literary figures
of their day.
 Hale - Most responsible
person for making
Thanksgiving a national
holiday.
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Sarah B. Hale
Nursery Rhyme “Mary
had a Little Lamb”
Workers Begin to Organize
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In 1860, there were 1.6 million
factory workers in the United
States.
When prices dropped, wages
dropped causing tensions
between the relationship of the
worker and the owners.
Many children found jobs in
factories
In hopes of bringing change to the
conditions of the factories,
workers joined labor unions.
These unions pushed for higher
wages and shorter 10-hour
workday.
Unions had little success.
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Most employers refused to
recognize or bargain with
them.
Unions had little power or
money to support strikes, or
work stoppages, to achieve
their goals.
Courts often ruled against
unions limiting free enterprise.
Unions made some gains in
1840 when President Martin
Van Buren showed his
gratitude for labor’s political
support by reducing the
workday for federal
employees to 10 hours.
In 1842, Commonwealth v.
Hunt, The Massachusetts
Supreme Court ruled that
union strikes were legal.
Sectionalism
The loyalty to the interests of
one’s own region or section of the
country, rather the nation as a
whole.
Industrial Revolution Increases
Sectionalism
Life in the North
Factories emerge, lots
of unskilled labor jobs
 Lots of resources:
coal, iron ore, wood,
etc.
 NO SLAVE LABOR
 Subsistence farming
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Life in the South
The cotton gin increase
the demand for
slaves…why?
 Enabled cotton to be
produced 50 times
faster!!
 South becomes even
more agricultural
 HUGE cotton demand in
English textile mills
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“Cotton Kingdom”
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Almost 2/3 of the United States
total export trade was cotton.
Cotton gin increased production.
It strengthened the institution of
slavery and the plantation
system.
The demand for cotton made the
demand for slave labor skyrocket.
In 1808, Congress outlawed the
foreign slave trade.
A high birthrate among enslaved
women meant that the
population kept growing.
Between 1820 and 1850 the
number of slaves rose from 1.5
million to 4 million.
Society in the South
In 1860, only 16% of the
manufacturing in the
United States came from
the South.
 Southerners were content
to rely on agriculture
 About 37% of the total
Southern population was
African American.
 A very small percentage
of Southern slaveholders
lived in mansions.
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Slavery
Enslaved people had
few legal rights
 Laws banned them
from learning to read
and write.
 Only 6% of whites in
the South owned
slaves
 Slaves were auctioned
much like cattle.
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Nat Turner was a
slave from Virginia.
He believed God
wanted him to lead
the slaves to freedom.
 With nearly 80
followers, he killed 60
whites, including his
master. He was
caught and hanged.
 In retaliation, whites
killed over 200 slaves.
White Southerners
strengthened their
resolve to defend
slavery, and to
control slaves.
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The Nat Turner
Rebellion - 1831
Sectionalism v Nationalism
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The gap is growing between the North and the South
In 1818 there is an equal number of free states and slave
states
power is balanced in the Senate
In 1819 Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state
This would give the South an advantage in the Senate
A great debate ensures
Henry Clay, The Great Compromiser, works out a deal..
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE!
Missouri Compromise 1820
Missouri comes in as a
slave state
 Maine comes in as a
free state, power
balance maintained
 36’30’ becomes the
dividing line for
slavery
 EXAMPLE OF
SECTIONAL
TENSION !!
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“Wolf by the Ear”
 Thomas
Jefferson used the term to
describe the issue of slavery.
“we have the wolf by the ear and feel
the danger of either holding or
letting him loose.”
Thomas Jefferson
The American System: an attempt to
bring the North and South together
 1815-
President Madison presents a plan
to unite the North and the South:
The American System
Southern senator Henry Clay and John C.
Calhoun support the plan
 Components of the plan:
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– develop transportation systems
– a protective tariff - put tax on imports
– resurrect the influence of the National Bank
Elections of 1824
 Example
of growing sectionalism
 In 1824, 4 “favorite sons” ran for president
– all Republicans
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Henry Clay – Kentucky
Andrew Jackson – Tennessee
John Quincy Adams – Massachusetts
William Crawford – Georgia
 Jackson
won most of the popular votes but
no one won the majority of electoral votes.
The House of Representatives would choose who
would be president from the top three candidates
who received the most electoral votes.
 Henry Clay came in 4th so he was out
 Clay was Speaker of the House and had
tremendous influence
 He hated Jackson – calling him “ignorant,
hypocritical, and corrupt”
 Jackson referred to Clay as “meanest scoundrel that
ever disgraced the image of his god”
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John Quincy Adams
Adams won the election
 Jackson supporters accused
Clay of arranging votes for
Adams in return for a cabinet
position.
 “corrupt bargain” what the
supporters of Jackson called
it.
 This split the party and
Jackson supporters referred
to themselves as Democrats
while Clay and his
supporters called themselves
National Republicans.
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Wanted to use federal money to
create national universities and
astrological observatories.
Many saw these ideas as a waste
of money and a return to
Federalist ideals.
He would be defeated in 1828.
Election of 1828
John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson
 Jackson fought to achieve a victory that his
supporters believed had been unjustly denied
him 4 years earlier.
 Both candidates engaged in “mudslinging”
criticizing each other’s personalities and morals.
 Jackson won – most of his votes came from rural
small town men who believed Jackson would
represent their interests.
 Jackson got the name “Old Hickory” after a
tough hard wood found on the frontier.
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