Transcript Imperialism
IMPERIALISM I WILL DEFINE IMPERIALISM AND ANALYZE THE CAUSES AND POLICIES OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM BELL WORK • Define Imperialism…Use a textbook • Set up your Notes today • Title- Imperialism- America emerges as an empire. • Essential Question • Why did America become imperialistic and how did their policies reflect this decision? CORNELL NOTES • Read pages 342-345 and create Cornell Notes on the following Sections keeping in mind your essential Question: • Why the U.S. turned to imperialism • • • • Global Competition Desire for Military Strength Thirst for new Markets Belief in Cultural Superiority • The US Acquires Alaska • The United States Takes Hawaii Global competition prompts the United States to expand its influence and territory, engage in conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama Canal. IMPERIALISM • Imperialism—the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories • U.S. joining the Imperialism Race • In 1800s, Europeans divide up most of Africa, compete for China • Japan joins race for China; U.S. decides to expand overseas 3 REASONS FOR U.S. IMPERIALISM 1. Desire for Military Strength 2. Thirst for New Trade Markets 3. Belief in U.S. Cultural Superiority ADMIRAL ALFRED T. MAHAN - 1840–1914 • Alfred T. Mahan joined the U.S. Navy in the late 1850s and served for nearly forty years. In 1886, he became president of the newly established Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Throughout his lifetime, Mahan was one of the most outspoken advocates of American military expansion. In his book The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783 (published in 1890), Mahan called for the United States to develop a modern fleet capable of protecting American business and shipping interests around the world. He also urged the United States to establish naval bases in the Caribbean, to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, and to acquire Hawaii and other Pacific islands. DESIRE FOR MILITARY STRENGTH • U.S. Navy Admiral Alfred T. Mahan • urged government officials to build up American naval power in order to compete with other powerful nations. • Roosevelt agreed and pushed for it as well • The US built nine steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890. • Modern battleships like the Maine and the Oregon transformed the US into the 3rd largest naval power. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING • Explain why the United States wanted to become imperialistic. THIRST FOR NEW MARKETS • U.S. farms, factories produce more than Americans can consume • U.S. needs raw materials and new markets for goods • Foreign trade: The solution to • overproduction, • unemployment, • depression BELIEF IN CULTURAL SUPERIORITY • Some Imperialists combine Social Darwinism and the belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons • Thus the need to spread the U.S. culture • Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples” around the world U.S. EXPANDS- ALASKA • William Seward—Secretary of State under Lincoln, Johnsonc • 1867, arranges purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million • has trouble convincing House to fund purchase • Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly” • Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING • Explain how the United States acquisition of Alaska reflected their Imperialistic goals. THE U.S. TAKES HAWAII • The Cry for Annexation • Since 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to China, India • 1820s, Yankee missionaries found schools, churches on islands • Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth • 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor - becomes refueling station • 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar • Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so will not have to pay duty HAWAII- END OF A MONARCHY • 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners • Queen Liliuokalani tries to remove landowning requirement • With help of marines, business groups overthrow queen • Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole • President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen • recognizes Republic of Hawaii • Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims Hawaii U.S. territory CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING • Explain how the United States acquisition of Hawaii reflected their Imperialistic goals. DOL • Given Cornell Notes: • Define Imperialism • Explain why the United States became imperialistic. • Explain how the acquisition of Alaska and Hawaii were examples of the United States imperialistic goals. PRESIDENTIAL FOREIGN POLICIES • Read and annotate the text and explain the imperialistic foreign policies of each of the following Presidents • Roosevelt – Big Stick Policy • Taft – Dollar Diplomacy • Wilson – Moral Diplomacy SECTION ONE • Explain the birth and importance of Yellow Journalism SECTION TWO • Read Section 2. • Then create notes explaining the coverage in the New York World and New York Journal of events in Cuba. Your notes should include • your thoughts on the accuracy of these stories. • your ideas on the coverage of these events as an effort to keep Americans informed. • the term reconcentration camps. AMERICAN INTEREST IN CUBA • U.S. long interested in Cuba • U.S. wants to buy Cuba from Spain • During 1868–1878 war for independence, American sympathies with Cuba • 1886 abolition of slavery leads to U.S. investment in sugar cane CUBA- THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • The Second War for Independence • José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895 • Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations • U.S. public opinion split: • - business wants to support Spain (Protect Business) • - others favor Cuban cause (Liberty) • Spain Takes Action • 1896, General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba to restore order • Puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps • Headline Wars • Newspapers exploit Weyler’s actions in circulation war • Yellow journalism—sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers SECTION FIVE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) • Causes of the War: • 1. Despotic Spanish rule over Cuba • A. Spain denied civil liberties & political rights • B. Levied heavy taxes – restricted foreign trade • C. Ruthlessly suppressed rebellions • D. Spain finally abolished slavery in 1886 • E. Economic depression brings another revolt for INDEPENDENCE 2. AMERICAN HUMANITARIANISM & SYMPATHY • A. Sympathized with desire for independence • B. Outraged when over 200,000 Cubans died in concentration camps of hunger and disease 3. ECONOMIC INTERESTS • A. American merchants traded with Cuba to the amount of $100 Million a year • B. American investors placed $50 million in sugar and tobacco plantations. 4. “YELLOW JOURNALISM” • A. William Randolph Hearst – NY Journal • B. Joseph Pulitzer – New York World • C. Both Newspapers sought to increase circulation by sensationalized news stories. 3) Hearst’s Journal printed the Delome Letter Spanish ambassador calls McKinley “weak” WILLIAM R. HEARST AND JOSEPH PULITZER SECTION THREE • Read Section 3. • Then take notes on the de Lôme letter and the explosion of the USS Maine. Your Notes should include • the basic details of each incident. • How yellow journalism attempted to encourage Americans to press the U.S. government into war with Spain. • the terms de Lôme letter and USS Maine. DE LOME LETTER THE DE LÔME LETTER • The de Lôme Letter • Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba • McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis • Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published • - calls McKinley weak, swayed by public • Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES • The U.S.S. Maine Explodes • • U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property • • Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain 5. SINKING OF THE MAINE – FEB 1898 • A. American battleship visiting Cuba blown up • 260 Americans killed • B. Cause: probably fire in a coal bin • C. But, American public goaded on by the Yellow Press – blames SPAIN SENSATIONALISM – YELLOW JOURNALISM OUTBREAK OF THE WAR • McKinley demands Spain ends camps and negotiate with Cuban rebels • April 11, 1898: McKinley asks Congress to use American armed forces in Cuba • Congress approves on April 20th, and recognizes Cuba’s INDPENDENCE from Spain • Congress adopts Teller Amendment which stated that the United States would not…. • Annex Cuba TELLER AMENDMENT [1898] • • • • Made PRIOR to Sp-Am War U.S. could NOT ANNEX Cuba US must “leave control of island to its People” Superceded by PLATT AMENDMENT CONDUCT OF THE WAR • Battle Cry = “Remember the Maine, • to HELL with Spain!” THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES • The War in the Philippines • First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines • Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor • Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey • August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S. GEORGE DEWEY • Victorious Admiral at • Battle of Manila Bay [Philippines] THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN • U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harbor • Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many volunteers • volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied ROUGH RIDERS • Rough Riders—Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalry • Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill • Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battle • U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after ROUGH RIDERS – SAN JUAN HILL BUFFALO SOLDIERS TREATY OF PARIS DEC 1898 • Treaty of Paris • Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898; meet in Paris to make treaty • Spain frees Cuba; • U.S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico from Spain • U.S. receives Philippines for $20 million DEBATE OVER THE TREATY • Debate over the Treaty • Treaty of Paris touches off great debate over imperialism • McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds • Opponents give political, moral, economic arguments against PLATT AMENDMENT - POST-WAR • U.S. makes Cuba add Platt Amendment to its 1901 constitution • Platt Amendment does not allow Cuba to go into debt; also stipulates • no treaties that let foreign power control land • U.S. has right to intervene • U.S. can buy, lease land for navy • Protectorate—country whose affairs partly controlled by stronger one PROTECTORATE • Cuba becomes a Protectorate of USA • Protectorate = a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger nation ANNEXATION DEBATE - PHILIPPINES • PROAnnexation • Educate Filipinos • Uplift Filipinos • Civilize Filipinos • ANTI-Annexation • Violated the Declaration of Independence • Denied Self-Government to the new territories • Introduced more racial problems William Howard Taft, Governor of Philippines DOCUMENT A- PLATFORM OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE DOCUMENT B – ALBERT B. BEVERIDGE “THE MARCH OF THE FLAG” DOCUMENT C - WILLIAM MCKINLEY DOCUMENT D – WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN “PARALYZING INFLUENCE OF IMPERIALISM” PRE-BUCKETING • Look through the documents and the question and create three potential categories for your paper. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS • Carefully read and analyze each document. • Complete the document analysis sheet for each document. Be specific an thorough! • Place the documents in buckets. FINAL BUCKETING • Look through the documents and your analysis and complete you final bucketing of your 3 main points. Put the documents in the buckets. ANSWER THIS QUESTION IN A 5 PARAGRAPH ESSAY USING THE RUBRIC AND DOCUMENTS. • Should the United States have annexed the Philippines? CHICKEN FOOT CHICKEN FOOT THESIS STATEMENT • Use your Chicken foot • The major consequences and effects of the major human rights violations since World War II are _________, ___________, however they could have been avoided by _____________. PRESIDENTIAL FOREIGN POLICIES • Bell Work – Based on your Homework • Explain the imperialistic foreign policies of each of the following Presidentsk • Roosevelt – Big Stick Policy • Taft – Dollar Diplomacy • Wilson – Moral Diplomacy TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND THE WORLD • Roosevelt the Peacemaker • Roosevelt does not want Europeans to control world economy, politics • 1904, Japan, Russia dispute control of Korea • Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth: • - Japan gets Manchuria, Korea • - Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize • U.S., Japan continue diplomatic talks • - pledge to respect each other’s possessions TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND THE WORLD • Panama Canal • U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships • U.S. buys French company’s route through Panama • Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks break down • French company agent helps organize Panamanian rebellion • - U.S. gives military aid • U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND THE WORLD • Constructing the Canal • Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering feats • fight diseases, geographic obstacles • - at height, 43,400 workers employed ROOSEVELT COROLLARY • Put some “teeth” into the Monroe Doctrine • USA will use military to enforce the Monroe Doctrine • Claimed right to “police” the W. Hemsiphere TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND THE WORLD • The Roosevelt Corollary • Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin America defaults • Reminds Europeans of Monroe Doctrine, demands they stay out • Monroe Doctrine- Europe needs to stay out of Western Hemisphere affairs. No colonizing or medling. • Roosevelt Corollary—U. S. to use force to protect economic interests DOLLAR DIPLOMACY Dollar Diplomacy = using a nation’s economic power to influence other countries. Associated with Taft & subsequent presidents • Liliuokalani (1838– 1917), Hawaiian queen and last monarch to govern the islands. • Front page of William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal placin g blame for the sinking of the Maine (February 17, 1898). • Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964), Philippine independence leader. • Pancho Villa (seated front center) and Emiliano Zapata (seated, holding sombrero) with Mexican revolutionaries. Photograph (about 1915)