Transcript Age of Jefferson - Campbellsville Independent Schools

1800-1816
THE AGE OF
JEFFERSON
Essential Question
• With respect to the
Constitution, Jeffersonian
Republicans are usually
characterized as strict
constructionists who were
opposed to the broad
constructionism of the
Federalists. To what extent was
this characterization of the two
parties accurate during the
presidencies of Jefferson and
Madison?
The Jefferson Administration
• Continue Neutrality
• Reduced:
–
–
–
–
Military (3,000)
Bureaucracy
Repealed excise taxes
National Debt
• Maintained:
– National Bank
– Debt-repayment plan
• President Thomas Jefferson believed that the United
States should be a nation of independent farmers.
When France offered to sell the Louisiana Territory to
the United States in 1803, Jefferson wanted to seize
the opportunity to double the size of the nation and
to provide future generations with a seemingly
inexhaustible supply of new farmland. But Jefferson
was a strict constructionist—he believed that the
federal government had no powers other than those
specifically listed in the Constitution—and the
Western Expansion
• Importance of Mississippi
River
– Spain closes New Orleans
(1802)
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
– Negotiations:
• $10 million for New Orleans
and part of Florida
• Reply? $15 million for all of
Louisiana
– Constitutional?
– Lewis and Clark Expedition
(1804-1806)
The Marshall Court
• Adams’ “Midnight
Judges”
– Impeachment attempts
• Marbury v. Madison
(1803)
– Judicial review
Partisan Squabbles
• Election of 1804
– Federalist Conspiracy
– Burr vs. Hamilton
• The Duel
• Burr’s Treason
Foreign Affairs
• Barbary Pirates
– Navy @ Tripoli (18011805)
• Challenges to Neutrality
– Chesapeake Affair (1807)
– Embargo of 1807
• The Barbary pirates, who had been marauding off the coast of Africa for
centuries, encountered a new enemy in the early 19th century: the
young United States Navy.
• The North African pirates had been a menace for so long that by the late
1700s most nations paid tribute to ensure that merchant shipping could
proceed without being violently attacked.
• In the early years of the 19th century, the United States, at the direction
of President Thomas Jefferson, decided to halt the payment of tribute. A
war between the small and scrappy American Navy and the Barbary
pirates ensued.
• A decade later, a second war settled the issue of American ships being
attacked by pirates. The issue of piracy off the African coast seem to fade
into the pages of history for two centuries until resurfacing in recent
years when Somali pirates clashed with the U.S. Navy.
1809-1817
THE PRESIDENCY OF
JAMES MADISON
Madison Administration
• Election of 1808
• Commercial Warfare
– Non-intercourse Act of
1809
– Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
• Napoleon’s Deception
British–American Tensions
• Causes:
– Impressment
– Western Expansion
• Battle of Tippecanoe
(1811)
• New States &
Congressmen
– “War Hawks”
» Clay & Calhoun
• Declaration of War
(June, 1812)
•
The War of 1812
A Divided Nation
– Election of 1812
•
Declining Federalist Party
– Opposition to War
•
•
New England Merchants, “Old”
Democratic-Republicans, Federalists
The War
– Invasion of Canada
– Perry’s Navy
•
•
Battle of the Thames
“Old Ironsides”
– Chesapeake Campaign
•
•
Burning of Washington
Baltimore Saved (Ft. McHenry)
– Southern Campaign
•
•
Battle of New Orleans
Hartford Convention (1814)
– Death of the Federalists
•
Treaty of Ghent (1814-1815)
– “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost”
Legacy of the War
• US Gains Respect of Other Nations
• US accepts Canada as part of British
Empire
• Decline and death of the Federalist
Party
– Although precedent for nullification
and secession set
• Continued decline and decimation
of American Indians
• Blockade served as catalyst for
industrial self-sufficiency
• Emergence of war heroes (Jackson,
Harrison)
• Growth of Nationalism and Western
Expansion – “Era of Good Feelings”