Transcript Holt Call To Freedom

Holt Call to
Freedom
Chapter 10
Launching the Nation (1789-1800)
10.1 Laying the Foundations of
Government
Objectives:
Explain why Americans elected George
Washington as their first president.
Identify the expectations Americans had
of their new government.
Describe the steps Congress and the
president took to organize the new
government.
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I. The First President
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A. Washington
1. George Washington hoped to retire from
public life after the ratification of the
Constitution.
2. Washington’s friends urged him to run
because they believed he would make an
excellent leader, and Washington agreed
because he felt it was his duty.
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Our First President: George Washington
1789-1797
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www.animationlibrary.com
www.bobsheldon.com
B. First Presidential Election
1. In January 1789, delegates from the 11
states that had ratified the Constitution
formed the electoral college, made up of
electors who vote for the president.
2. Electors represented the popular vote in
their states but could vote for another
candidate if they disagreed with the
people’s choice.
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B. First Presidential Election
3. Elected George Washington unanimously;
John Adams became vice president
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C. The Role of Women
1. Martha Washington attended social
events with her husband.
2. Author Judith Sargent Murray hoped
women would receive educations.
3. Republican Motherhood – idea that women
played an important role in the new nation
because they would teach children to be
good citizens
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Martha Washington portrait at the White House
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/art/images/mw1p-3.html
C. The Role of Women
4. Most women still lacked opportunities
and equality.
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II. Life in the New Republic
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A. Population
1. Nearly 4 million Americans in 1790
2. Most lived in rural areas and worked
on farms.
3. Some worked in towns as craftspeople,
laborers, or merchants.
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B. Goals of Some Citizens
1. Farmers wanted fair tax laws and the
right to settle western lands.
2. Merchants wanted simpler trade laws.
3. Manufacturers wanted laws to protect
them from foreign competition.
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The Stars and Stripes
The Declaration of Independence severed all ties between the 13 American Colonies and Great Britain. For almost a full
year after that first Independence Day, the flag of the new nation still bore the Union Jack among its red and white
stripes. All of that changed on June 14, 1777 when the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress passed a
resolution establishing a new design. The name of the "United Colonies" having been changed in September of the
previous year, the resolution read:
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"Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white;
that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field representing a new constellation.“
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-Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress June 14, 1777
http://www.homeofheros.com/hallofheroes/1st_floor/flag/1bfa_hist2.html
C. Cities
1. Only New York City and Philadelphia
had populations greater than 25,000
2. New York City served as the first U.S.
capital.
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III. Setting Precedents
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A. Policies and Procedures
1. Each decision of the new government
would set a precedent – an action or
decision that serves as an example for
later generations.
2. Congress created executive departments,
each of which specialized in different
areas of national policy.
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The Betsy Ross Flag
http://www.homeofheros.com/hallofheroes/1st_floor/flag/1bfa_hist2.html
Of course, most of us remember the story of Betsy Ross and quickly
recognize the "Betsy Ross Flag" with the stars in a circle. Betsy Ross made
flags for the United States for 50 years. During the American Revolution she
made flags for the Pennsylvania State Navy as well as other military
units. The "Betsy Ross Flag" as seen here, however, did not appear until the
early 1790s, and there is no solid evidence to support claims that Betsy Ross
created the first stars and stripes.
A. Policies and Procedures
3. Department heads formed the cabinet,
which met to advise the president.
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B. The Courts
1. Judiciary Act of 1789 created a threelevel federal court system.
2. President nominated federal judges, and
Congress then had to approve them.
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10.2 Hamilton and National
Finances
Objectives:
 Identify the challenge Alexander Hamilton faced
as secretary of the treasury and the issues his
plans raised.
 Describe the issues that Hamilton and Thomas
Jefferson disagreed on, and explain their views.
 Examine the questions that were raised when the
Bank of the United States was founded, and
examine the different views that Hamilton and
Jefferson had concerning the bank.
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I. Settling the Debt
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A. Alexander Hamilton
1. Alexander Hamilton was born in the
British West Indies, went to the
American colonies for an education, and
then practiced law.
2. Served as secretary of the treasury
under President George Washington
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Alexander Hamilton
The American Experience "The Duel" recalls the bitter rivalry between Alexander Hamilton and
Aaron Burr that ended early one morning in July 1804 with a duel that changed the course
of American history.
http://www.ket.org/pressroom/2000/05/AmExp.TheDuel_homepage.html
B. The Problem of Debt
1. Faced problem of national debt – money
the United States owed to lenders
2. The United States owed about $11.7
million to foreign creditors, and about
$40.4 million to U.S. citizens.
3. Some debt was in the form of bonds –
certificates that represent money owed.
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B. The Problem of Debt
4. Over time, bondholders feared that the
government would not buy back bonds.
5. Many people sold bonds at prices below
their original value to speculators –
people who buy items at low prices
hoping their value will rise.
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The Current National Debt
http://www.warresisters.org/piechart.htm
10/05/2006
$8,545,048,487,560.99
www.brillig.com/debt_clock
C. Hamilton’s Plan
1. Pay off foreign debt immediately; buy
back bonds at full value over time
2. Thomas Jefferson and others opposed
this plan on the grounds that paying
bonds’ full value would reward
speculators, not average citizens.
3. U.S. Congress approved Hamilton’s
Plan.
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II. The States’ Debt
A. States owed $25 million for
Revolutionary War expenses.
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Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries
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Year Established
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1789
$25,000
$5,000
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1873
1906
1909
1946
1949
1951
1953
1964
1969
1979
1994
2001
2003
$50,000
$50,000
$75,000
$75,000
$100,000
$100,000
$100,000
$100,000
$200,000
$200,000
$200,000
$400,000
$400,000
$10,000
$12,000
$12,000
$20,000
$30,000
$35,000
$35,000
$43,000
$62,500
$62,500
$171,000
$175,400
$198,600
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President
Vice President
B. The States and the Federal
Government
1. Hamilton wanted federal government to
pay $21.5 million of states’ debts.
2. Hoped would increase support for
national government, boost national
economy
3. Several states objected, including southern
states with few war debts.
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C. The Compromise
1. Hamilton agreed to support effort to
move U.S. capital to a southern location.
2. In exchange, southern representatives
agreed to support Hamilton’s plan.
3. In 1790 Congress approved both
Hamilton’s plan and the decision to
move the national capital to a site that
would become Washington, D.C.
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Benjamin Banneker
Plans for Washington D.C. as drawn by Banneker
http://mrb.tagclan.com/portfolio_bannekerpics.php
III. Hamilton versus Jefferson
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A. Opposing Views
1. Hamilton wanted a strong central
government; Jefferson wanted to protect
the powers of the states.
2. Hamilton distrusted the common
people; Jefferson promoted democratic
rule.
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B. Economic Growth
1. Hamilton wanted to promote domestic
manufacturing and business by means
such as a higher protective tariff, a tax
that raises prices of foreign goods.
2. Jefferson favored farmers and lower
tariffs to keep prices of imported goods
low.
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http://www.cmskids.com/tests/presidents/Jefferson.JPG
IV. The Debate over the Bank
A. Hamilton wanted a national bank in
which the government could deposit
money.
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B. The Constitutional Issue
1. Although the Constitution did not
mention a national bank, Hamilton
thought that the government could
create one under the terms of the elastic
clause.
2. This view is known as loose construction
of the Constitution – federal government
can take reasonable actions if not
forbidden to it in the Constitution
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B. The Constitutional Issue
3. Jefferson argued from a position called
strict construction of Constitution – federal
government can do only those things
specially listed in Constitution.
4. Congress created the Bank of the United
States in 1791.
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Hamilton urged the founding of the Bank of the United States.
Jefferson opposed the idea. The Bank was to be a depository of
federal funds and a means of regulating the currency. Its
establishment, in February 1791, strengthened the federal
government.
www.multied.com/NN/BaNK.html
10.3 Troubles Abroad
Objectives:
Explain how Americans and President
Washington responded to events in
France.
Discuss President Washington’s foreign
policy.
Describe how the United States settled its
differences with Great Britain and Spain.
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I. The French Revolution
A. During the French Revolution, the
people of France overthrew their
monarchy and created a republican
government.
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French Revolution 1789-1809
http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/T&M/cdeathlouis1.jpg
http://humanities10.com/French.jpg
B. American Reactions
1. Some Americans celebrated the creation
of another republican government.
2. Others feared violence in France,
especially when its monarchs were
executed.
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II. U.S. Neutrality
A. France and Great Britain went to war
soon after the French Revolution
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B. Foreign Policy Debate
1. Cabinet and Congress disagreed as to
nation’s response to war
2. 1793, Washington issues Neutrality
Proclamation—U.S. will not take sides
with warring countries in Europe
3. Some Americans questioned the
president’s authority to issue
proclamation
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III. Citizen Genet
A. Edmond “Citizen” Genet—France’s new
representative to the U.S.
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Citizen Genet
users.ev1.net/~gpmoran/chap1a.htm
B. Controversy
1. Genet recruited privateers—private ships
used to attack enemies.
2. Washington warned Genet that actions
on American soil hurt U.S. neutrality.
3. Genet said he would appeal to the
American people.
4. Genet was ordered back to France.
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C. Jefferson’s Resignation
1. Jefferson (pro-French) was unhappy with
U.S. policy toward France.
2. He thought Hamilton (pro British) was
influencing foreign policy.
3. Jefferson resigns as Secretary of State
1793
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IV. Jay’s Treaty
A. Problems with Great Britain
1. Late 1793 British begin seizing
American ships
2. British have not abandoned frontier
forts on U.S. soil and are rumored to
be encouraging Indian uprisings.
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John Jay’s Portait
http://www.eadshome.com/QuotesoftheFounders.htm
B. Jay’s Treaty
1. Washington sent John Jay, chief
justice of the Supreme Court, to Britain.
2. Jay’s Treaty—Britain will abandon
forts and pay for seized ships and the
U.S. will pay pre-Revolutionary War
debts owed British merchants.
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V. Pinckney’s Treaty
A. Spain had closed port of New Orleans
to U.S. in 1784 because of dispute over
border between U.S. and Spanish
Florida
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Thomas Pinckney
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/1300/1345/Pinckney_2.htm
B. The Treaty
1.
Washington sent ambassador Thomas Pinckney, to negotiate
with Spain.
2. Pinckney requested Right of Deposit—right for American
boats to transfer goods at New Orleans without paying
cargo fee
3. Under Pinckney’s Treaty, Spain:
a. changed Florida’s borders
b. reopened port of New Orleans to U.S.
c. gave U.S. ships right of deposit
4. Pinckney’s Treaty opened frontier to further American
expansion
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10.4 Challenges at Home
Objectives:
Identify the domestic problems faced
by the United States.
Explain the advice that Washington
gave to the nation in his Farewell
Address.
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I. Conflict in Northwest Territory
A. American Indians
1. Indians resented settlers moving into
the NW Territory
2. Miami Chief Little Turtle led an
Indian confederation against U.S.
forces 1790-1
3. General Anthony Wayne sent to
command U.S. forces on frontier
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B. The Battle
1. British allies refuse to aide Little Turtle
who resigns command & warns other
Indians not to fight
2. Wayne’s forces defeat Indians at Battle of
Fallen Timbers in 1794
3. Nearby Indian villages & fields destroyed
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Chief Little Turtle of the Miami
Indians Confederation
www.gwu.edu/~ffcp/exhibit/p10/p10_8.html
C. The Treaty
1. Indian leaders sign Treaty of Greenville
1795
2. Settlers get more access to Indian lands
in Northwest Territory
3. $20,000 worth of goods given to Indians
to settle land claims
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II. The Whiskey Rebellion
A. More Conflict on the Frontier
 Congress passes tax on American-made
whiskey 1791
 Some frontier farmers produced
whiskey for trade
 Farmers could not afford tax
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www.whiskybembel.de/Comic
B. The Rebellion
1. Whiskey Rebellion began 1794, when
protestors refused to pay whiskey tax
2. Rebels attacked, tarred & feathered tax
collectors
3. Washington saw rebellion as threat to federal
authority & sent troops to western
Pennsylvania
4. Rebels fled, rebellion ended without battle
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A British Official has been Tarred & Feathered
and hot tea is poured down his throat (1774)
webpage http://www.americanhistory8.com
III. Washington’s Farewell Address
A. Washington declined to run third time
 Tired of public life
 Wanted to remind people he was
president, not king
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B. The Farewell Address
1. Written with help from Hamilton &
Madison
2. Advised to not form permanent relations
with foreign nations
3. Warned against political parties
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10.5 John Adam’s Presidency
Objectives:
 Explain how political parties formed and the role
they played in the presidential election on 1796.
 Describe the problems with foreign nations that
John Adams faced as president.
 Describe the Alien and Sedition Acts and the
Republicans’ response to them.
 Analyze the main issues in the election of 1800
and some of the outcomes of the election.
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I. Election of 1796
A. Political parties—groups that help elect
government officials & shape policy
played an important role
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B. Federalist Party
1. Federalist Party wanted to strengthen
federal government & promote industry
and trade
2. John Adams was Federalist candidate
1796
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John Adams 1797-1801
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" 1st Vice President of the United States "
Served with "President George Washington"
( April 30, 1789 - March 4, 1797 - 2 Terms )
Became the - "2nd President of the United States"
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Date & place of birth: John Adams
( Official Portrait )
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October 30, 1735, 123 Franklin Street, Braintree (Quincy), MA
Date, place, cause & age at death:
July 4, 1826 - Braintree, MA - Old Age - 90
Place of burial:
First Unitarian Church, Quincy, MA
Also served:
Massachusetts Legislature - ( 1768-1774 )
Massachusetts delegate to Continental Congress - ( 17741776 )
Diplomat in Europe - ( 1778-1788 )
"2nd President of the United States" - ( March 4, 1797 to
March 4, 1801 )
Facts about John Adams:
1st President to live in the White House - ( Then called the
Executive Mansion )
Was one of four Presidents to live to the age of 90 - ( the others:
"Herbert Hoover", "Gerald Ford" and "Ronald Reagan" )
Was one of only two President that had a son also serve as
President. His son being "John Quincy Adams". The other
presidential father being "George H. W. Bush" whose son is our
current president, "George W. Bush".
Defended the British Soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre
in Court and won
As Vice President, Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes while
presiding over the Senate, easily a Vice Presidential record
Died on the same day as "President Thomas Jefferson"
Nicknamed the "Atlas of Independence"
http://www.russpickett.com/ushist/usvpres1.htm
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http://www.russpickett.com/ushist/usvpres1.htm
C. Democratic-Republican Party
1. Wanted to limit power of federal
government
2. Members were called Republicans (not
the modern Republican Party
3. Thomas Jefferson 1796 candidate
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Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
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" 2nd Vice President of the United States "
Served with "President John Adams"
( March 4, 1797 to March 4, 1801- 1 Term )
Became the - "3nd President of the United States"
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Date & place of birth: Thomas Jefferson
( Official Portrait )
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April 13, 1743, Goochland, Virginia
Date, place, cause & age at death:
July 4, 1826 - Monticello, Virginia - Chronic Diarrhea - 83
Place of burial:
Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia
Also served:
Virginia House of Burgesses - ( 1769-1774 )
Governor of Virginia - ( 1779-1781 )
Virginia delegate to Continental Congress - ( 1783-1784 )
Minister to France
Secretary of State for George Washington - ( 1790-1793 )
Vice President for John Adams - ( March 4, 1797 to March 4, 1801 )
"3rd President of the United States" - ( March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809 )
Facts:
1st president elected by the House of Representatives
1st president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.
1st president to have been a governor.
Died on the same day as John Adams
His grandson, James Madison Randolph, was the 1st child born in the White House
Nicknames: "Man of the People"; "Sage of Monticello"
http://www.russpickett.com/ushist/usvpres1.htm
D. 1796 Election Result
1. John Adams wins 1796 over Jefferson
2. Jefferson becomes VP, because at the
time second place candidate became VP,
even if from different parties
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II. The XYZ Affair
A. France uses
privateers to attack
U.S. ships
http://www.prbm.com/bookpics/xyzm799a.jpg
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B. Scandal
1. President Adams sends diplomats to
France to resolve conflict
2. French agents demand bribe before
negotiating
3. Adams calls the agents X,Y, and Z &
tells Congress of the demand
4. Americans are angry at the XYZ Affair
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Map of Europe from 1790s
http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-10403.jpg
C. Averting War
1. Some call for war against France
2. Adams angers those who want war (and
many of his fellow Federalists) by
helping attain peace with France
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III. The Alien and Sedition Acts
A. Federalist pass Alien and Sedition Acts 1798
 Alien Act allows president to remove
foreigners from country
 Sedition Act—illegal to criticize or plot
against government policies
 Laws were used against Republican
newspapers
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An argument in Congress of the Alien and Sedition Acts
French Minister Talleyrand demanded a personal bribe of $250,000 and loan of $12
million dollars to France.
http://www.multied.com/NN/XYZ.html
B. Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions by Madison & Jefferson
declare Alien and Seditions Acts
unconstitutional
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IV. Election of 1800
A. John Adams and Charles Pinckney
Federalist candidates
B. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
Democratic-Republican candidates
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V. Narrow Republican Victory
A. Jefferson and
Burr tie and
Adams comes in
second
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/tindall/timelinf/elec1800.htm
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B. House of Representatives decides
the tie
1. Tie meant Jefferson and Burr both
eligible to be president
2. At time, no separate ballot for pres/VP
3. House decides a tie in electoral college
for president
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B. House of Representatives decides
the tie
4. Federalist support Burr, House then ties
30 times
5. Some Federalist refuse to keep voting,
thus Jefferson wins next vote in House
6. Twelfth Amendment creates separate
ballots for president/VP
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