Transcript Chapter 25
Chapter 25 SECTION 4 G L O B A L C O N C E R N S I N T H E C O L D WA R The Arms Race • Josef Stalin died in 1953 after almost 30 years of rule • Nakita Khrushchev followed Stalin and became the new leader of the Soviet Union • This period of history is also the time when both “superpowers” began to compete with their stockpiling of weapons • When the USA developed an H-bomb, the soviets then had to also • Not to be left out of the picture other countries like China, Great Britain, and France developed this technology too! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/thumb/9/9b/CroppedStalin194 3.jpg/220px-CroppedStalin1943.jpg http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/2008/un_mo ments/un_moments_khrushchev.jpg Progress Through Science Atomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing: 1946-1962 U. S. exploded 217 nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada. 1956 - Khrushchev's 'secret speech' In a speech, February 14, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denounces the policies of Stalin. He rejects the Leninist idea of the inevitability of war and calls for a doctrine of "peaceful coexistence" between capitalist and communist systems. Competition in space too!!! On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first manmade satellite to orbit the Earth. In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear. Emerging Nations The Peace Corps – One of President Kennedy’s best ideas! Suggested that American volunteers serve around the world to share their skills with less fortunate areas. This would in turn improve relations between our country and other nations around the world whom we wanted as allies in the Cold War. Africa • The Soviet Union had the same idea and quickly aided two new nations: Ghana and Guinea • America responded by helping other new countries on the continent • However, in the Congo both superpowers backed different groups and the fighting over the country turned ugly as a result. • This increased tensions between the two countries further. http://www.timemaps.com/history/africa-1960ad The Philippines http://www.yourchildlearns.com/online-atlas/images/map-of-philippines.gif • The Philippines had been controlled by the United States since the Spanish-American War • They were promised freedom in 1934 by America • But it took until 1946 for this to happen • In the years following fighting broke out because of much needed reform • Fighting stopped in 1954 • Peace and reform followed for the next decade, until Marcos took over in 1965 • Some freedoms were then lost. Indochina • Had been under French control for many years • After France was decimated in WWII this area was difficult for France to control • In one of the providences, Vietnam, a Communist leader named Ho Chi Minh led a rebellion • He won control over the northern half in 1954 – leading to the Vietnam War http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/indochina.gif Latin America and the Cold War http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/latinout.gif • 1950’s many Latin American countries were tired of being poor and feeling bossed around by America • Revolts in several countries was the result • Anti-American leaders attempted to gain power in these countries • However, the United States backed dictators who were against the rebellions in order to keep influence • More resentment against America resulted in Latin America 1959 - Castro takes power January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow Fulgencio Batista Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union. The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island. 1960 - The U-2 Affair On May 1, an American high-altitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union. After the Soviets announce the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers, the United States recants earlier assertions that the plane was on a weather research mission. The U-2 Affair •Suffering major embarrassment, Eisenhower was forced to admit the truth behind the mission and the U-2 program, although he refused to publicly apologize to Khrushchev. •This refusal caused the Paris Summit to collapse when Khrushchev stormed out of negotiations. Powers was sentenced to ten years in prison, including seven years of hard labor, following an infamous show-trial. He served less than two years, however, and was released in 1962 in exchange for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. 1961 - Bay of Pigs U.S.-organized invasion Captured Cubans force of 1,400 Cuban exiles is defeated by Castro's government forces on Cuba's south coast at the Bay of Pigs. Launched from Guatemala in ships and planes provided by the United States, the invaders surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting. Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster. 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis After Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba. After U-2 flights Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet Union removed its missiles. On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles, defusing one of the most dangerous confrontations of the Cold War. Copyright 2007 unimaps.com, used with permission