Transcript Unit 9 Warren Court, NOW, EPA to Modern Era

1953-1969
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The Warren Court was the Supreme Court
between 1953 and 1969, while Earl Warren
served as Chief Justice.
Warren used judicial power in dramatic
fashion to expand civil rights, civil liberties,
judicial power, and the federal power in
dramatic ways
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It is recognized as a high point in judicial
power and has a lasting effect on our society
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Thurgood Marshall, the first black justice,
was appointed on the Warren Court
Earl Warren
Thurgood Marshall
•While under
questioning by police,
Ernesto Miranda
confessed that he
had kidnapped and
assaulted a women.
•Miranda was then
convicted in state
court of the crimes in
part because of the
confession.
Miranda claimed the confession should
not be used because the police did not
warn him of his right to avoid self
incrimination or to have a lawyer
present.
 5:4 majority ruled that the conviction
should be thrown out because police
had violated Miranda's rights when
obtained in confession.
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In Miranda v. Arizona the court ruled that
an accused criminal had to be informed
of his/her 5th & 6th amendment rights
before being questioned.
NOW
National Organization for
Women
1963
NOW’s Goals and Priorities
• Goals: “True equality for all women” and “Full
and equal partnership of the sexes”.
• These women set out to break down barriers of
discrimination in education and the work place.
• Major priorities:
• Bring about the passage of the Equal Rights
Amendment. (It would guarantee gender equality
under the law.)
• Protect women’s reproductive rights. (The right
to an abortion.)
• Picture: Betty Friedan, a feminist leader. She was
credited with being one of the founders of NOW
after she wrote Feminine Mystique.
United Farm Workers and
Cesar Chavez
Late 1960s- Early 1970’s
Boycott on California Grapes
• Cesar Chavez and the UFW asked Hispanics to
boycott all California grapes that were not
from the UFW.
New laws gave farm workers a legal basis to ask
for better working conditions.
• - it demonstrated that Hispanics were
important in the agricultural economy.
 Written 1962, challenged the practices of
agricultural scientists and government.
 Well researched, and reasoned, and beautifully
written attack on the indiscriminate use of
pesticides.
 Attracted immediate attention and wound up
causing Environmental Movement
 United States Environmental Protection Agency.
 1970, founded under Richard Nixon in response to
growing environmental concerns among
Americans.
 EPA responsible for establishing and enforcing
environmental standards .
 Concerned with the American environment and its
impact on human health.
 Silent Spring helped many people realize how bad
pollution is and that something should be done about
it.
 EPA was a response that helped reduce pollution and
enforced laws to keep the U.S. clean.
 Texan woman challenged a state law forbidding abortion
 The Court supported the woman’s right to choose as
long as it was before the baby could potentially live
outside of the mother (with artificial help) usually around
24 weeks
 Decision can be made by patient and physician without
state regulation
 One of the most important legal victories for feminists
 Greatly decreased the practice of dangerous and illegal
ways to terminate pregnancies
 Had to do with the “right to privacy”
 Modified by Planned Parenthood of Southeastern
Pennsylvania v. Casey in 1992
 Other regulations put in place (provided with antiabortion
info, physicians must wait at least 24 hours to perform
abortion, minors need consent of a parent)
Bakke Decision on
Affirmative action
What is Affirmative Action?
– Programs to increase the number of women and minority group
members in:
• College
• Post Grad. Schools
• high-paying jobs.
– GOAL: make up for past discrimination against these groups
– Problem: Did this discriminate against whites?
Who is Allan Bakke?
– White man
– twice denied admission to University
of California medical school
• had better academic record then
minority group applicants accepted
University of California v. Bakke
Issue:
Bakke said his rights were violated.
Decision:
• the racial quotas did violate his rights
• BUT race could be a deciding factor in
admission decisions.
Significance
• Did NOT end Affirmative action
• Many universities dropped quota systems
[
]
QUOTA SYSTEM
allowed a certain number of
spots for minority students
• Race in admission is acceptable
– As a “plus factor” like musical or athletic
ability
• More gender and ethnic diversity in
classes
Integration of Baseball and Military
• 1947 Jackie Robinson plays Major League
Baseball for Brooklyn Dodgers
• 1948 Harry Truman integrates US Military
Brown Vs. Board of Education
• 1954
• Challenged “separate but equal” principles
• Supreme court argued that segregated public
education violated the united states constitution
• Linda Brown sued for the right to attend integrated
school;
• The supreme court ruled in the favor of Brown and
the NAACP in a case argued by Thurgood Marshall
• The south was mad about the idea of nonsegregated schools
Television’s Impact on the Civil Rights
Movement
• People in the north could witness the events
in the southeast pertaining to the Civil Rights
Movement
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
•
•
•
•
Dr. Martin Luther King 1963
Civil Disobedience
Like Henry David Thoreau
https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/L
etter_Birmingham.html
• MLK and RFK assassinated in 1968
• Political Turmoil of 1968
• https://youtu.be/ErQNgH9FvLk
March on Washington
• August 28, 1963
• To persuade Congress to pass new civil
rights bill (JFK), supporters made a
massive demonstration in D.C
• More than 200,000 people attended
• Main rally took place in front of the
Lincoln Memorial where MLK Jr
delivered his “I have a Dream” speech
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• The Civil Rights Act was passed into law by Lyndon Johnson in
1964 after John F. Kennedy fought for it.
• The act forbade discrimination based on race, color, religion,
gender, or national origin in public facilities and services.
(schools, buses, etc.)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
• In 1965, signed and authorized
by Lyndon Johnson, the Act
established extensive federal
oversight of elections
administration in states with a
history of discriminatory voting
practices.
• The act was passed shortly
after “Bloody Sunday” in
Selma, AL.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 continued.
• The Voting Act was one
of the final steps toward
black equality.
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership
Conference)
• Formed by Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph
Abernathy in 1957
• Made-up mostly of southern African Americans
• Advocated nonviolent resistance to fight injustice
SCLC
• In 1963 SCLC targeted Birmingham, Alabama
• Bull Conner would not tolerate protests
anymore and used dogs and water hoses
• In 1965 SCLC organized March on Selma
SNCC (Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee)
• Ella Baker, Civil rights activist, established
SNCC; Led by John Lewis
• SNCC Goals: to create grass-roots movement
that involved all classes of African Americans
in the struggle to defeat white racism and
obtain equality
SNCC
Election of 2000
Year- 2000
Presidential
Election of 2000
Election of 2000
Democratic Ticket- Vice President Al Gore and Connecticut
Senator Joe Lieberman
Republican Ticket- Texas Governor George W. Bush and
former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney
Polls throughout the election showed that Gore and Bush
were neck-and-neck the whole way which led to an
interesting election.
Election of 2000
On election night, the news came in that Gore and Bush tied
for a 242-242 electoral college vote. Yet, the election was
not over: Florida (with 25 electoral votes) demanded a
recount with Bush obtaining a lead of only 1,700 votes out of
the 6 million votes cast in Florida.
The decision finally came that Bush would get the electoral
votes from Florida.
The election ended with Bush having 271 electoral votes and
Gore having 266 electoral votes.
Election of 2000
The Election of 2000 brought the discussion about having
an electoral college. Gore had approximately 550,000 more
votes than Bush in the popular vote. So why didn’t he win
the Presidency? Should the electoral college decide the
Presidential Election?
 On
September 11, 2001, The United States
was attacked by Al-Qaeda.
 The first two planes struck the World Trade
Center in New York. The third, struck the
Pentagon outside of Washington.
 Lastly, the fourth hijacked plane crashed into
a field in Pennsylvania.
 The death toll was about 3,000 people. This
series of events is the single largest
concerted attack on US soil,
 Patriotism
- After 9/11 the country came
together.
 War on terror
 Increased security
The war in Afghanistan
started on October 7th, 2001
 The war was in response
to the attacks on
September 11th, 2001
made by the organization,
Al- Qaeda.
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The U.S. reason for invasion
was to find Osama bin Laden
and his other members of
Al-Qaeda.
 Also, the U.S. is trying to
make it a goal to destroy
Al-Qaeda.
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The U.S. feels that the war in Afghanistan is
so important because we need to bring those
responsible for the attacks on our country to
justice. That is one of our main goals in
fighting this war.
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This year we have had the most deaths
in Afghanistan.
Troops are busy training Afghan troops
to defend their country on their own.
U.S. troops hope to be out by August
and let the Afghan government take full
control in July.
THE IRAQ WAR
March 20th, 2003 – August 31st, 2010
DESCRIPTION OF THE WAR
A MILITARY CAMPAIGN THAT BEGAN IN 2003
WITH THE INVASION OF IRAQ BY A
MULTINATIONAL FORCE LED BY TROOPS FROM
THE UNITED STATES BY GEORGE W. BUSH
 IRAQ WAS SUSPECTED OF HAVING WEAPONS
OF MASS DESTRUCTION. SADDAM HUSSEIN
HAD DEFIED UN WEAPON INSPECTORS IN THE
DECADE AFTER THE FIRST GULF WAR.
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MORE DETAILS OF THE WAR…
Saddam Hussein was captured on December
13th, 2003. [On a farm near Tirkrit in Operation
Red Dawn]
 The total cost of the Iraq War has been
estimated to be $845 billion to the US, and $9
billion to the UK.
 Hundreds of thousands of people died because
of the war.[This includes combatant and civilian
deaths.]
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END OF THE IRAQ WAR?
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In a speech at the Oval Office on August 31st,
2010, Obama declared:
“The American combat mission in Iraq has
ended. Operation Iraqi Freedom is over, and the
Iraqi people now have lead responsibility for the
security of their country."