Transcript Organization of American States

The Cold War, 1945-1991
United States of America
Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics
USA
USSR
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta
February 4 - 11, 1945
The Soviet
Union prior to
World War II
As the Soviets
pushed back
the Nazis, they
claimed new
territory.
They took part
of Finland
They took
Estonia
They took
Latvia
They took
Lithuania
They took part
of Poland for
White Russia
They took part
of Romania for
the Ukraine
They took part of
Czechoslovakia
for White Russia
They took a
part of
Germany
The U.S.S.R.
expanded their
territory and the
number of
republics
Potsdam
Conference July
17 to August 2,
1945
Following up on the Yalta Conference,
the Allied Powers met again after
Germany’s surrender to discuss what do
in Europe.
Churchill, Truman, Stalin
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Attlee, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam
July 31, 1945
February 11, 1945
July 17, 1945
How are Constitutional governments “weaker” than
authoritarian governments?
Is the period 1945-1963 a time of peace or war?
Germany was
partitioned by the Allies
after the war
Austria would
also be divided
The city of Berlin
was also partitioned
There was the
American sector
the French sector
the British sector
and the Soviet
sector
Portions were given
to Poland and the
Soviets
Austria would
eventually be
unified
The divisions of
Germany and the
city of Berlin
East and West Germany and
East and West Berlin
Poland would
fall under
Soviet
influence
Poland would
also gain parts
of Germany
Czechoslovakia was
last in Eastern
Europe to fall under
Soviet dominance
Hungary would
also fall under
Soviet control
Romania
would follow
Soviet
direction
Bulgaria would
also come into
the Soviet
sphere
For a time,
Albania will be
under Soviet
direction
East Germany
would be a
satellite state as
well
The division between the
two sides would come to be
called the Iron Curtain
The Truman Doctrine
oGreat Britain called for the
United States to take its place in
aiding Greece and Turkey
against communist aggression
oTruman gave a speech in 1947
calling for the Republican
Congress to support increasing
aide to nations fighting the
spread of communism
(specifically Greece and Turkey)
oThe Truman Doctrine is the
United States will use its
financial and military resources
to fight against the spread of
communism anywhere in the
world
The Marshall Plan (1947-1951)
•Financial aid from the U.S. to Europe
•Goal #1: avoid repeat of WWI
•Goal #2: curb rising power of
communism in Western Europe
•Offered to all of Europe
•$3,000,000,000 in aid over 4 years
•Soviet Union rejected offer (Soviet
Satellites included)
Accomplished Truman Doctrine goal by
stabilizing Western Europe and putting
them on the path to economic recovery
The architect of the Marshall Plan
was Truman’s Secretary of State
George C. Marshall
Berlin Airlift (June 1948-May 1949)
31 American and 40
British pilots lost
their lives
200,000+
flights
+$2
billion
cost in
today’s
money
"The issue that
faces us are
momentous
involving the
fulfillment or
destruction not
only of this
Republic but of
civilization itself."
NSC-68
A classified document
until the 1970s, it was
written in 1950 for
President Truman and
became the basis for
U.S. Cold War policy
until the 1970s.
George Kennan (19042005) was the architect
of the theory of
“containment.”
Although a principle
participant in the
Marshall Plan and
Truman Doctrine,
Kennan moved to a
more moderate position
by the mid-1950s and
even opponent of Cold
War diplomacy by the
1970s
International Organizations
•United Nations
•OAS - Organization of American States
International Alliances
•NATO - North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
•Warsaw Pact
•SEATO - Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
United Nations
(1945)
Peace Keeping
organization
created to
provide
collective
security to the
world’s nations
General Assembly: 177 nations
Security Council: 15 nations (10 2-yr
terms by regional voting)
Permanent Security Council: 5 nations
(USA, Great Britain/UK, France,
USSR/Russia, China
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
21
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) 1948
Antugua and Barbuda
St. Kitts and Nevis
Dominica
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
Grenada
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
Guyana
Suriname
Colombia
Ecuador
Canada
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
The Bahamas
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Belize Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
35
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) today
Truman’s Re-Election of 1948
Dixiecrats
Polling showed Thomas Dewey (R-NY) was
ahead leading into the election. Early results
led people to go to bed believing Dewey was
the next president.
were
Democrats
upset by
Truman’s
decision to desegregate the
military. Many
felt Truman
couldn’t win reelection without
the “Solid
South.”
Truman’s election in 1948 (with
Democratic control of both Houses
of Congress) showed the country was
strongly behind the Democratic
ideals of FDR’s New Deal
Truman’s Fair Deal
oSpawned from FDR’s “Second Bill of
Rights”
ofederal government is responsible for
people obtaining employment, food,
shelter, education, and health care
oSimilar to Europe’s “welfare state”
oTaft-Hartley Act of 1947
oreversed the Wagner Act, 1935
olimited ability of unions to strike and
prevented radicals from leadership
roles
**Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act
but his veto was overridden by a
Republican Congress
oOpposed segregation as it issued an
invitation to communism
After World War II,
western democracies
were concerned about
Soviet expansion
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949
Iceland
Norway
Denmark
United
Kingdom
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
10 European
nations along with
Canada and the
U.S. created
NATO
France
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949
Greece and
Turkey would
join Nato in 1952
Turkey
NATO, 1952
West Germany
would be added
in 1955
NATO, 1955
East
Germany
In 1955, the Soviet
Union, East Germany
and 6 other Eastern
European nations
created the Warsaw
Pact
Poland
Hungary
Romania
Soviet Union
Bulgaria
Warsaw Pact, 1955
East
Germany
Poland
The border nations became
known as Satellite States
and, along with the
U.S.S.R., became known as
the Soviet Bloc
Hungary
Romania
Soviet Union
Bulgaria
Unlike NATO, the
Warsaw Pact was less than
voluntary. Most attempts to
move away from the
alliance were met with
military force.
Albania was able to
break away, severing
military ties in 1962 and
withdrawing
completely in 1968
By the end of the
80’s, most of
Europe was
divided into one
camp or the other
Berlin Wall August 1961-November 1989
oBuilt by East Germany (and USSR) in August 1961 to stop its
people from escaping into West Berlin
oBecame the literal symbol of the Cold War
oPresidents Kennedy and Reagan gave famous addresses from the
Brandenburg Gate near the Wall
View from West Berlin of “the Death Strip”
The ‘Asian’ Cold War
oThe USA failed to understand and recognize
Asian communism versus European communism
oCold War fears led the USA to support anticommunist governments despite their own lack of
democratic style-regimes
Jiang Jieshi
(Chaing Kai-shek)
Was an ally of the United
States during World War II
and led the Chinese
Nationalists against the
growing rise of communism in
mainland China
Mao Zedong (Tse-tung)
The Long March
covered over 6,000
miles and lasted over
a year. 70-90% of the
100,000 who began
died.
Taiwan
In 1949 the
Communists
forced the
Nationalists to
retreat to
Taiwan.
“The Theme of
China Lost” by
Dean Acheson
Truman Doctrine vs Brezhnev Doctrine
NSC-68 & George Kennan
1956 Hungary Invasion
1968 Prague Spring invasion of Czechoslovakia
U.S.S.R.
EUROPE
Korea
China
Japan
India
Philippines
AFRICA
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
The Korean
Peninsula
China
Japan
At the end of
World War II,
Korea was divided
in two at the 38th
Parallel; the north
being communist
and the south a
freely elected
democracy.
Seoul
Pusan
On June 25, 1950,
North Korea
invaded South
Korea, quickly
taking the capital
city of Seoul and
pushing almost to
Pusan by
September.
Inchon
In September, 1950,
United Nations
forces, led by U.S.
General Douglas
MacArthur, with a
surprise landing at
Inchon.
Seoul
Pusan
China
Seoul
U.N. forces
swiftly liberated
the South and, in
November, had
pushed the North
Koreans almost to
the Chinese border
at the Yalu River.
China
Seoul
In late November,
1950, China came
to the aid of the
North, sending in
300,000 troops and
driving the U.N.
forces back.
By January, 1951,
the Communists
had retaken Seoul
and made their
deepest push of
this offensive.
Seoul
Truman and
MacArthur got into
a disagreement
about the course of
the war—namely
the use of nuclear
weapons against
China. MacArthur
went on
Congressional trial
in the summer of
1951 and was
removed from
command.
The “Old Soldier”
“I am closing my 52 years of
military service. When I joined
the Army, even before the turn
of the century, it was the
fulfillment of all of my boyish
hopes and dreams. The world
has turned over many times
since I took the oath on the
plain at West Point, and the
hopes and dreams have long
since vanished, but I still
remember the refrain of one of
the most popular barrack
ballads of that day which
proclaimed most proudly that
‘old soldiers never die; they
just fade away’.”
His farewell speech was
interrupted by ovation 50 times
Douglas MacArthur
(1880-1964)
At age 25, named youngest ever
Major General
Served in World War I (19171918)
Superintendent of West Point
(1919-1922)
President of US Olympic
Committee (1928)
Organized the Civilian
Conservation Corps (1933)
US Armed Forces Far East
Commander (1941-1945)
Oversaw occupation of Japan
(1945-1951)
Led United Nations Command
in Korean War (1950-1951)
Chinese forces crossing the Yalu River (Oct. 1950)
This was the first racially
integrated army since the War
for Independence
The
“Forgotten
War”
Over 44,000
Americans died
or went
missing during
the Korean
War
Panmunjom
Seoul
By 1952, the U.N.
forces had
recaptured Seoul
and most of South
Korea. Peace talks
began at
Panmunjom. In
July, 1953, a ceasefire was signed.
Before
After
5,000,000
people lost
their lives
in the
Korean
war
Korea before and after the war.
SEATO
Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
(1954-1977)
Designed to promote democracy
among Southeast Asian nations
in acceptance of the Domino
Theory
War Hero General
Elected in 1952 (1953-1961); 34th US
President
First Republican elected since 1928
Continued New Deal programs (even
expanded Social Security)
Relied heavily on VP Nixon
Used CIA to depose
communists in Iran,
Guatemala, Congo, and
began Bay of Pigs plans
Eisenhower Doctrine
Brinkmanship (MAD)
Warning on Farewell
Address
Eisenhower Doctrine
Nations could request U.S.
military aid if their nation was
being threatened by aggression.
Eisenhower with
the Shah of Iran.
The Shah became
close allies with
the West during
the 1950s
Issued in response to two issues:
1. USSR influence and attempts to
spread communism (Middle East)
2. Need to fill void left by colonial
powers Great Britain and France
Brinkmanship
John Foster Dulles,
Eisenhower’s
Secretary of State, felt
the best way to deal
with communism was
1) threaten nuclear
war and 2) work
covertly to overthrow
communist aggressors
in 3rd world nations
This philosophy became known during the Cold War as
Mutually Assured Destruction, or MAD
Civil Rights and the
Cold War
Supported the end of segregation in
federal issues, but not federal authority
over state issues
Created the Civil Rights Commission to
investigate Southern violations of federal
law
Enforced civil rights legislation when
federal law was violated (Little Rock Nine)
Warned America in
his Farewell Address of
“the military-industrial
complex” and
“unwarranted”
American influence in
Cold War affairs
Competition for the
rd
3
World
The world’s a chess board
Asia, Africa, and Latin America
FIRST WORLD
SECOND WORLD
THIRD WORLD
Why did those nations take the money
and surrender sovereignty?
EUROPE
ASIA
Libya
Egypt
Chad
Sudan
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Congo
(Zaire)
Uganda
Kenya
Tanzania
Angola
Zambia
Mozambique
Madagascar
There were strong
efforts by the U.S.
and U.S.S.R. to
influence
governments in
emerging nations
such as Egypt and
the Congo (Zaire).
This included
money and military
aid.
The Suez Crisis (1956)
•Egypt recognized the People’s
Republic of China
•Egypt nationalized the canal
•Britain, France, and Israel
militarily seized the canal
•US and USSR agreed at UN
that the tripartite aggressors
should withdraw
Known as the
tripartite
aggressors, the
Sinai War began
due to fears of
possible Soviet
aggression with
Egypt against
Israel
U-2 Spy Plane Incident
oU-2 planes fly at extreme high
altitude (65,000 feet)
oShot down May 1, 1960
oPiloted by Francis Gary
Powers
oUSA initially denied
existence of plane and its
mission, then claimed it was a
NASA flight
oForced to admit it was spying
on USSR when Premier
Krushchev produced pictures of
nuclear and military technology
taken by the U-2
oEscalated the Cold War
mentality
U.S.S.R.
EUROPE
China
India
Japan
Vietnam
Philippines
AFRICA
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Taiwan
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
China
South China Sea
(Burma)
Laos
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
Vietnam
Vietnam, along
with Cambodia
and Laos, was
part of French
Indochina until
1954
Taiwan
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
China
South China Sea
(Burma)
Laos
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
Vietnam
In 1954,
nationalist
forces led by
Ho Chi Minh
defeated the
French at Dien
Bien Phu
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
The Domino
Theory became
a guiding force
in U.S. policy
Saigon
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
South China Sea
Fearing an
expansion of
communism,
the U.S. led an
effort which
divided
Vietnam
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
Ho Chi Minh’s
forces
controlled
North Vietnam
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
A government
headed by Ngo
Dinh Diem
controlled
South
Vietnam
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
South China Sea
Diem’s
dictatorial
leadership led
many to resist
his
government
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
South China Sea
This resistance,
the Viet Cong,
worked with
North Vietnam
against Diem’s
regime in the
South
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
The U.S. sent
military
Thailand
advisors and
equipment
to
Cambodia
aid the South
Saigon
beginning in
the 1950’s
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
South China Sea
Diem is
assassinated in a
military coup and
Thailand
fear of a
Cambodia
communist
Saigon
takeover of the
South rises in
South Vietnam 1963
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
In 1964, the U.S.
reports an attack
on U.S.
destroyers by
patrol boats in the
Gulf of Tonkin
South Vietnam
The Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution in 1964
allowed LBJ to use
conventional military
troops in Vietnam
without a declaration of
war.
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Cambodia
Saigon
President
Johnson begins
bombing of
North Vietnam
in 1965
South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Myanmar
(Burma)
Dien Bien Phu
China
South China Sea
Nixon begins
withdrawing
troops in 1969
while bombing
Thailand
communist
Cambodia
supply lines and
Saigon
bases in
Cambodia
South Vietnam
Laos
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
North Vietnam
Myanmar
Dien Bien Phu
(Burma)
Laos
China
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
South China Sea
A peace
agreement was
signed in 1973 and
Thailand
the U.S. began
Cambodia
pulling out of
Saigon
Vietnam
South Vietnam
China
Myanmar
(Burma)
Laos
South China Sea
Hanoi
Gulf of
Tonkin
Thailand
Ho
Cambodia Chi
Minh
City
The
communists
took control of
all of Vietnam
in 1975
The Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961)
Bay of Pigs
The Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962)
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Puerto
Rico
Haiti
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Jamaica
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
Fidel Castro forces Batista to flee Cuba –
January 1, 1959
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Puerto
Rico
Haiti
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Jamaica
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
Cuba becomes a communist state and allies
itself with the Soviet Union
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Puerto
Rico
Haiti
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Jamaica
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
In 1962, U.S. spy planes discover Soviet
offensive missiles in Cuba
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
After a Soviet denial, the U.S. enacted a shipping
“quarantine”- a blockade would be an act of war
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
As Soviet ships approached Cuba carrying more
weapons, they were intercepted by U.S. Naval
forces
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
As Soviet ships approached Cuba carrying more
weapons, they were intercepted by U.S. Naval
forces
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
To avoid confrontation, the Soviets circled back
The U.S. won the standoff!!
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto
Rico
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
The world seemed doomed to nuclear war for a
period of about 13 days
United States
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Cuba
Puerto
Rico
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
El Salvador
Dominican
Republic
Caribbean Sea
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Colombia
U.S.: full withdrawal of nuclear missiles in Cuba
U.S.S.R.: promise to never invade Castro’s Cuba & removal of some
intercontinental missiles in Greece & Turkey
Cold War Timeline in Latin America
1954—CIA aids coup of Guatemala
1959—Fidel Castro’s coup creates pro-USSR government
1960—CIA supports coup in El Salvador
1961—CIA trains 1,400 Cuban exiles for Bay of Pigs invasion
1961—CIA-backed coup overthrows communist friendly Ecuador
1963—CIA-backed coup overthrows suspected communist leader in
Dominican Republic
1964—U.S. military aids coup in Brazil after leader nationalized oil
industry
1973—U.S. aids coup in Chile because he opposes communism (he
terminates civil liberties in Chile)
1980—U.S. supports anti-communist regime in El Salvador
1981—CIA aids “Contras” in Nicaragua
1983—U.S. trains Mejia to start coup in Guatemala
1983—U.S. invades Grenada to stop communist revolution
1989—U.S. invades Panama to oust Noriega for drug trafficking
The Soviet Union’s Vietnam
Afghanistan
USSR invasion in 1979
Soviet
Union
EUROPE
Turkey
Iraq
China
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
India
AFRICA
Indian Ocean
During the
1970’s
Afghanistan
had a proSoviet regime
Soviet
Union
EUROPE
Turkey
Iraq
China
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
India
AFRICA
Indian Ocean
In 1979, the
Soviets invaded
Afghanistan
Soviet
Union
EUROPE
Turkey
Iraq
China
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
India
AFRICA
Indian Ocean
In 1989, the
Soviets
withdrew from
Afghanistan
Cold War Sports
The Olympics
o1972 Munich Summer Games
o1980 Winter Olympics (Lake Placid, New
York)
o1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow, Russia)
o1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles,
California)
The first rule of Olympic competition was amateur athletes instead
of professional. The two great problems of Cold War Olympics
were:
1. Soviet Bloc athletes trained full-time but maintained amateur
status—giving them an unfair advantage
2. Judged events were susceptible to “Western” or Communist
bias
Palestinians storm the Olympic Village and murder 11 Israeli
athletes in the middle of the games
The United States men’s
basketball team had never
lost an Olympic game until
the gold medal match
between the USA and
USSR in 1972.
The USSR was granted
several “do-overs” until
they finally scored in the
final seconds to defeat the
USA at the buzzer.
To this day, every USA
player has refused to
accept their silver medals.
The USSR’s dominance in
hockey was undeniable.
They had captured nearly
every world title and
Olympic gold since 1956.
The 1980 USSR hockey
team defeated the NHL
All-Stars 6-0 and had
defeated Team USA in an
exhibition less than a
month before 10 to 3.
Trailing 2 goals to 3 in the
final period Team USA
scored 2 unanswered goals
to complete “the Miracle
on Ice.”
Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,
President Jimmy Carter gave the USSR an
ultimatum to withdraw or the United States
would boycott the Moscow Summer Games in
the fall of 1980.
Los Angeles 1984 Summer Games
In retaliation for the 1980 Moscow Boycott, the USSR
and the Soviet Bloc skipped the Olympics in the United
States. Unlike the previous games, their non-attendance
was not the financial punishment that the United States
delivered to the communists in 1980.
Israel and Middle East Conflict
The World War I British mandate of Palestine
1917 – Balfour Declaration
Palestine existed as a
mandate through World
War II.
Zionists wanted a Jewish
homeland created there.
The predominantly Arab
population living there
wanted their freedom
granted but without an
increase in the Jewish
population.
Key Geographical
Points
Galilee along the border with
Christian dominated Lebanon
The strategic Golan Heights
taken from Syria
Arab Palestinian dominated
Gaza Strip and the West Bank
The holy city of Jerusalem,
sacred to Jews, Christians and
Muslims
The historic Dead Sea
The historically Egyptian Sinai
Peninsula
The Suez Canal, Gulf of Suez
and Gulf of Aqaba; all important to
Israel for trade
Palestine existed as a
mandate through World
War II.
Zionists wanted a
Jewish homeland created
there.
The predominantly
Arab population living
there wanted their
freedom granted but
without an increase in the
Jewish population.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel.
In 1947 it was proposed
that Palestine be divided
into two separate nations
– the Arab state of
Palestine and the Jewish
state of Israel. This would
divide the territory. In
1948, the United Nations
adopted the proposal.
Israel’s Arab neighbors
attacked within 24 hours of
the creation of the state of
Israel.
Israel’s Arab neighbors
attacked within 24 hours of
the creation of the state of
Israel.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine. The
Eisenhower Doctrine and a
pro-Israeli foreign policy
placed the United States in
the middle of the conflict.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
In a few months, Israel
had defeated their
attackers and controlled
half of what had been the
Arab Palestine.
Palestine and Israel by the
end of 1949.
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip,
ending the existence of
Palestine
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip,
ending the existence of
Palestine. They also took
the Sinai Peninsula from
Egypt
In the Six Day War of
1967, Israel took the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip,
ending the existence of
Palestine. They also took
the Sinai Peninsula from
Egypt and the Golan
Heights from Syria.
By the end of 1967, Israel
was nearly four times its
original size.
Palestine ceased to exist,
being absorbed by her Arab
neighbors and then Israel.
Egypt had their enemy,
Israel, just across the Suez
Canal.
In the late 1970’s, the U.S.
sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In the late 1970’s, the U.S.
sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In the late 1970’s, the U.S.
sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In the late 1970’s, the U.S.
sponsored meetings
between Israel and Egypt
leading to the Camp
David Accords and a
strained peace.
In 1982, the Sinai was
returned to Egypt.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between Israel
and the PLO gave limited
autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between Israel
and the PLO gave limited
autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between Israel
and the PLO gave limited
autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat.
In 1993, an historic
agreement between Israel
and the PLO gave limited
autonomy to the
Palestinians in the West
Bank under the
Palestinian Authority led
by Yasir Arafat. Recent
events have all but wiped
out the hope that
agreement brought to the
region.
Collapse of the Soviet Union
ECONOMIC
command economy
military costs
low production levels
POLITICAL
resistance of Satellite States and non-Russian republics
corruption
lack of freedom (glasnost & perestroika)
Soviet Union
Poland
East
Germany
As the Soviet hold
weakened, the Satellite
States began to
establish themselves
independently
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Non-Russian Republics
• Estonia
• Uzbekistan
• Latvia
• Turkmenistan
• Lithuania
• Kyrgyzstan
• Belarus
• Tajikistan
• Ukraine
• Armenia
• Moldova
• Georgia
• Kazakhstan
• Azerbaijan
Russia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Belarus
Germany Poland
Ukraine
Moldova
Romania
Africa
The Soviet Union dissolved
and the non-Russian republics
began to set up their own
governments
Russia
EUROPE
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan
Armenia Azerbaijan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
AFRICA
The Soviet Union
dissolved and the
non-Russian
republics began to
set up their own
governments
Collapse of the Soviet Union
Reagan vs. Gorbachev
In 1989, the
Communist hold
began weakening
and in 1991 the
Warsaw Pact was
dissolved
Germany
The re-unification of
Germany led to the
former East German
territory becoming part
of NATO
Political concerns led to the
creation of the Partnership for
Peace in 1994 which included,
among other nations, Russia
and most of the former
Warsaw Pact states
Poland
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland, Hungary
and the Czech
Republic were
admitted to
NATO in 1999
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Romania
Bulgaria
In 2003, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia,
Slovakia, Slovenia,
Romania and Bulgaria
were conditionally
admitted
Albania and
Macedonia are on
a candidate
waiting list for
membership
Macedonia
Albania
Croatia has applied for
membership and is
waiting to hear about
becoming a candidate
Croatia
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
21
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) 1948
Caribbean Sea
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Gulf of
Mexico
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Barbados
and Trinidad
& Tobago
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1967
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Jamaica
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1969
Grenada
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Grenada
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1975
Venezuela
Suriname
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Suriname
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1977
Dominica
St. Lucia
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Dominica and
Saint Lucia
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1979
Antugua and Barbuda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Antigua &
Barbuda and
Saint Vincent &
the Grenadines
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1981
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
The Bahamas
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
The Bahamas
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1982
St. Kitts and Nevis
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
St. Kitts and
Nevis added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1984
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Canada
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Canada
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1990
Venezuela
Guyana
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Belize
Honduras
Guatemala
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Belize and
Guyana
added
Organization of American States (OAS) 1991
Antugua and Barbuda
St. Kitts and Nevis
Dominica
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Lucia
Grenada
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
Guyana
Suriname
Colombia
Ecuador
Canada
Brazil
Peru
Bolivia
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
The Bahamas
Dominican
Haiti Republic
Mexico
Belize Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
35
nations
Organization of American States (OAS) today
Victory in the Cold War and the
results elsewhere in the World
Socialism/Communism failed in
practical use in world history.
Even China has opened its global
economy in order to expand its
world power.
The Goddess of Democracy, carved and
erected in Tiananmen Square in 1989