Transcript Industrial Revolution - Saugerties Central School

CH 11-1
The American
Industrial Revolution
Life in the 1860s
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There was no indoor electric lights
no refrigeration
No indoor plumbing
In 1860, most mail from the East
Coast took about ten days to reach
the Midwest and three weeks to get
to the West Coast.
• A letter from Europe to a person on
the frontier could take several
months to reach its destination.
VOCABULARY:
1. Industry: The making or producing of goods by
businesses and factories.
2. Industrial Revolution: When machines gradually took
the place of many hand tools. Much of the power once
provided by people and horses began to be replaced, first
by water and then by steam engines.
3. Factory System: Brings workers and machinery
together in one place.
4. Capitalist: people who invest capital, or money, in a
business to earn a profit.
5. Mass Production: a method of making large numbers
of goods quickly and cheaply.
6. Interchangeable Parts: a part that can be used in place
of another part in manufactured products.
7. Textile: woven cloth
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-Before 1800, most products were made by hand at
home or in small shops.
-After 1800 this changed! Machines changed the
way people worked. Now goods were made or
produced by Factories and mills.
- The Industrial Revolution began when inventors
made machines that could now do the job that
people had always done by hand.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
•
At first, water powered these machines.
• Therefore, most early factories and mills were built along
rivers. So most early cities developed along rivers.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Eventually new developments led to more powerful
energy sources like coal, oil, and steam.
• - These new machines were too large to be used at
home or in small shops. So business owners began to
build factories where large numbers of workers made
goods.
• - One important machine made at this time was the
steam engine
• This machine used coal to heat water and then the
steam would drive the machines.
• - Factories no longer had to be built along rivers, they
could be built anywhere.
“The time will come when people will travel in stages moved by steam
engines from one city to another, almost as fast as birds can fly, 15 or
20 miles an hour.... A carriage will start from Washington in the
morning, the passengers will breakfast at Baltimore, dine at
Philadelphia, and supper in New York the same day.... Engines will
drive boats 10 or 12 miles an hour, and there will be hundreds of
steamers running on the Mississippi, as predicted years ago.”
-Oliver Evans, 1800.
- Soon steam engines were also powering boats
and Railroads.
http://bit.ly/1nXSAhn
FACTORIES GROW IN THE NORTH
• - The first industry to develop was the textile industry.
• - Lowell Mills were important because all the jobs
needed to make one product could be done in one
factory.
• - Lowell Mills also employed many young women. They
were usually daughters of local farmers.
• - Working conditions in factories were terrible. Workers
usually worked for 15 hour days. Many developed
breathing problems because of the dusty air.
• - child labor was also a result of the Industrial
Revolution. American textile mills, coal mines, and steel
factories employed children as young as 7 or 8.
• - These children had no opportunities for an education.
• - They worked in terrible conditions.
• http://bit.ly/1ROmJwK
CH 11-2
THE NORTH
TRANSFORMED
Vocabulary:
• 1. Urbanization: The growth of cities due to movement
of people from rural areas to cities.
• 2. Famine: widespread starvation
• 3. Nativists: a person born in America who wanted to
preserve the United States for white American born
Protestants. They were against too much immigration.
• 4. discrimination: The denial of equal rights or equal
treatment to certain groups of people.
Main Ideas:
• New inventions and other advances in
agriculture (farming) and manufacturing
boosted industrial growth:
Famous Inventions of the Industrial
Revolution:
• 1. The Steam Engine (James Watt, 1775).
– Steam from heated water could drive machines, helped power
factories, ships, and railroads.
• 2 Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney).
– A part that can be used in place of another part in manufactured
products.
• 3 Cotton Gin(Eli Whitney, 1793)
– Separated and removed the seeds from the cotton making cotton
sales double in the 1800s. Cotton soon became the leading cash
crop of the South.
• 4. Steamboat on the Hudson River (Robert Fulton, 1807)
– Commercial steam boating on the Hudson River began with
Robert Fulton´s successful steamboat trip from New York to
Albany on August 14th, 1807. Immediately following this
demonstration, Robert Fulton, with his partner Robert R.
Livingston, started commercial steamboat service on the Hudson
River between New York City and Albany.
• 5. The first railroad carried both goods and passengers
on regular schedules using the Locomotive (Stockton &
Darlington Co, 1825 Europe)
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6. Railroads reach the Americas (Peter Cooper, 1831)
- Trains would spread throughout the US, encouraging expansion. Trains could
run in almost any weather and were faster than wagons or canal boats.
•
7 Erie Canal was constructed (1808-1825)
- Canals are human-made waterways. Many people moved west along rivers,
making it easier for trade.
- The Erie Canal joined the Great Lakes with the Hudson River; it was more than
350 miles long. It became the best way to move products between the Midwest
and the eastern cities.
http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/lock.html
•
8 The Telegraph (Samuel F. B. Morse, 1836)
- The telegraph was a communication system that transmitted electric signals
over wires from location to location that translated into a message.
NORTH TRANSFORMED:
Main Ideas:
• During the Industrial Revolution the differences
between the North and the South widened greatly.
• - The Industrial Revolution started a process of
urbanization or the growth of cities. People wanted to
move near factories for work.
•
As cities in the United States grew, Americans faced a
variety of urban problems (inner city).
• filthy streets
• absence of good sewage systems
• lack of clean drinking water
• spread of diseases.
“One finds in the streets (of New York)
dead cats and dogs, which make the air
very bad; dust and ashes are thrown out
into the streets, which are swept perhaps
once every two weeks.”
- Baron Axel Klinckowstrom of Sweden
NEW WAVE OF IMMIGRANTS:
• Hunger and political problems in Europe increased immigrations to
the United States in the 1840s.
• - Most of the immigrants came from Ireland and Germany.
• - Some Americans worried about the growing foreign population.
These people are referred to as nativists because they wanted to
preserve the country for white American Protestants. Many
Americans at this time were against the Irish Catholics.
• Irish settle in Eastern Port Cities (where they got off the boat)
because they were too poor to travel anywhere else.
• Germans settle out west and become farmers.
NOTHERN OPINION OF AFRICAN
AMERICANS:
• - Although slavery ended in the North, free African Americans
struggled to overcome discrimination and prejudice attitudes.
• - They were often denied the right to vote.
• - They were not hired for jobs in factories or as skilled trades-men.
• - There was segregation (separation) in schools and public
facilities.
• - Newspapers portrayed African Americans as inferior (less worthy)
than the whites.
Checkpoint!!!
1) How did the rapid growth of cities affect urban
living conditions?
2) Why did Irish and German immigration to the
United States increase in the 1840s?
3) What obstacles did African Americans face in the North?
CH 11-3 Notes
THE PLANTATION SOUTH
MAIN IDEA:
• As cotton production expanded in the south to
supply the northern textile industry, planters
increased their use of slave labor.
THE COTTON KINGDOM
• As the North became more urban and industrialized, the South
remained largely rural (country).
• Two events changed life in the South tremendously:
- A boom in textiles caused by the Industrial Revolution created a
huge demand for cotton.
– The new invention
the cotton gin allowed
the South to meet this
new demand!
• - Eli Whitney’s new invention the cotton gin sped up the
processing of cotton.
• - It used a spiked cylinder to remove seeds from the cotton fiber.
Previously this was all done by hand which took too much time.
• - A worker could produce 50 times more cotton with the gin than by
hand. So growing cotton became far more profitable.
• - Cotton became the greatest source of wealth for the United
States.
• - In the Southern “Cotton Kingdom” society was dominated by
owners of large plantations. This small but wealthy class lived
in luxury and sent their children to the finest schools.
• - The majority of southerners could not afford to own plantations
and so did not themselves own slaves but they were in support
of the system.
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE SOUTH:
• - Whether free or enslaved, African Americans in the
South were subject to harsh rules and unequal
treatment.
• - Not all African Americans in the South were enslaved.
Many had purchased their freedom.
• - Laws denied basic rights even to those African Americans
that were free;
1. By law they were excluded from all but the lowest paying jobs.
2. Their children were denied the right to attend public school.
3. African Americans could not vote, serve on juries, or testify against
white defendants in courts.
4. African Americans could not really travel for fear that slave catchers
would think they were a run-away and try and sell them back to a
plantation owner.
SLAVE LABOR:
• - To grow more cotton, planters used more slave labor.So the number
of slaves being imported into the United States increased
tremendously.
• - Because the demand for slavery increased so did the price of
slaves.
• - Most southern whites accepted the system of slavery. Because
most northerners began a movement to end slavery, a lot of southern
whites hardened their support for slavery.
• - Slaves had no rights. Laws known as the slave codes
controlled every aspect of their lives.
“A slave by our code is not treated as a person but as a
thing”
• - On plantations, owners would hire white men to act as
overseers to make sure slaves were working properly.
Punishment was often whipping.
• - Slaves could either work as laborers and farmers in the
fields or be house slaves and serve as housekeepers,
butlers, or nannies.
• - Enslaved workers had only one real protection against
mistreatment: Owners looked at them as valuable property
that they needed to keep their plantations running, so they
needed to keep the slaves healthy and productive (able to
work).
• - Families of enslaved African Americans were often broken
apart when slave owners sold one or more of their family
members. Many children had only the slightest memories of
their parents. 
• - Many African Americans found hope in the Bible. They
would compose spirituals, religious folk songs that blended
biblical themes with the realities of slavery.
RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY:
• - Many African Americans did what they could to resist
slavery / ownership.
• - Some pretended they did not understand or worked too
slow.
• - Others deliberately broke equipment.
RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY:
• - Others tried to escape and go North to freedom.
• - Some rebelled or fought back. Nat Turner led a famous
revolt in 1831, where he and others killed 60 whites. He
ended up being captured and hanged.
• - A new movement in the North will begin called the
abolitionist movement that will fight to end slavery in the
United States (further discussed in Ch 12)
CH 11-4 NOTES:
THE CHALLENGES OF
GROWTH
VOCAB:
• 1. Turnpikes: toll road
• 2. Corduroy Roads: roads made of sawed
off logs laid side by side
• 3. Canal:
man-made waterway.
MAIN IDEAS:
Growing population = Settlers moving out west
• - We have previously learned that their was a tremendous growth in
population on the East coast as a result of the Industrial
Revolution.
• - The increase in population led to more and more settlers heading
out west. This began to be referred to as Westward Expansion.
• - This flood of settlers will push the frontier boundary farther west
than ever before.
• - As western areas grew more and more states were added to the
Union (United States).
Moving out west = a need for better
transportation
• - Travelling West was not easy.
• Many early roads began as paths of Native Americans.
They were unpaved, dotted with tree stumps, and easily
washed out by rain.
- The nation needed better roads. Both capitalists and
the government helped to extend the network of
American roads.
IN THE EAST
• - Turnpikes (toll roads) were built. The idea was to use the tolls to
help build more transportation.
• - Corduroy Roads were also built. these were made of logs. This
meant a bumpy ride for wagons and a dangerous for horses
because they could easily break their legs slipping between logs.
• - The National Road: was the first federally funded road. It
connected Maryland to Illinois. The road stretched hundreds of
miles and connected the east coast to the frontier.
• - Canals or man-made waterways also helped with
transportation in the east. The success of the Erie Canal
encouraged other companies to build canals.
• - Railroads would eventually be the best form of
transportation in the east because you could travel yearround.
IN THE WEST
• - Once travelers reached the Mid-west they needed a different
means of transportation.
• Western Trails: After travelers crossed the Mississippi River,
there were no more railroads and the rivers were too shallow
or narrow for boats to cross. Thus they had to use wagons and
travel on trails created by early pioneers or mountain men
and traders.
• - Daniel Boone was the most famous early pioneer. He and his
men helped create the wilderness road for settlers heading out
west.
FORMING NEW STATES =
A DEBATE OF SLAVERY
• - By 1819, there were 22 states in the United States.
• 11 of them were “Free” states and 11 of them were slave
states.
• - As the United States grew larger, more territories wanted
to become states.
• - By 1820, law makers could not agree if new states should
or should not allow slavery.
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF
1820:
• Congress argued about allowing Missouri to join
the Union (United States) as a slave state.
● Northerners did not want it to be added as a
slave state
● Southerners wanted it added.
• Because Congress could not agree, Senator Henry
Clay came up with a compromise
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820:
The Compromise:
• 1. Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state (making
the number 12).
• 2. Maine would enter the Union as a free state. (making the
number 12).
• 3. The rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory would be
divided by a line. No slavery would be allowed north of that
imaginary boundary line.
• - The Missouri Compromise kept the balance
between free states and slave states. This was
important because than each side would have
the same number of seats in the senate.
SECTIONALISM BEGINS
• The debate over slavery led to a divide between the
North and South. Southerners accused the North of
trying to destroy their way of life.
• - Not all arguments were over slavery.
• The North and South were growing apart. The two
sections had different economies and needs.
• In the North industry was growing. In the South,
farming (agriculture) continued to be the main way of
life.
SECTIONALISM BEGINS
• - So the North and South began to have different ideas
about how the government should be run.
• - As more and more states joined the Union (United
States), sectionalism spread out to include 3 distinct areas:
the North, the South, and now the west.
• - Westerners had their own needs. Many people in the west
owned small farms. They did not rely on slave labor. They
thought the decision to be a free state or slave state should
be up to each state itself.