Transcript World War I - Coyne

WORLD WAR I
1. The Beginning
a.
By 1914 tensions in Europe had risen and many
believed the continent was on the brink of war
b. Four factors contributed to this problem
Militarism
i.
1.
Europe had undergone a massive military buildup during
the period of the late 1800s into the early 1900s
a.
b.
2.
European countries had colonized around the world and
were now wanting to protect their own interest
Left all sides anxious
Remember the larger the population of a country the
bigger army it could amass
ii. Alliances
1.
2.
Nations entered into alliances with other nations
Two major alliances
a.
b.
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
The Triple Entente: France, Russia and Great Britain
iii. Imperialism
1.
2.
3.
Quest to build empires fuelled ill will among the
nations
Germany, France, Russia and Great Britain all saw
themselves as imperial nations
Did not think they could stand by while a rival gained
power
iv. Nationalism
1.
2.
3.
Nationalism: Strong devotion to one’s national group
or culture
Movement led to formation of new countries like
Germany and Italy and struggles for power
Strongest national tensions were in the Balkans in a
nation called Serbia
4. Pan-Slavic Nationalism
a.
b.
c.
Pan-Slavism: the idea of a unified Slavic race under
the protection of Russia
This would give Russia access to the much wanted
warm water seaports
Russians supported liberation movements of the Slavic
peoples such as Serbians, Croats, Slovaks, and Poles,
etc….
2. Austria-Hungary and Serbia
1908
a.
i.
ii.
Austria-Hungary took the Slavic territories of BosniaHerzegovina from the weak Ottoman Empire
Serbia appealed to Russia for help, but Russia was
just coming off a defeat by Japan and was unable
to help
b. The Balkan Wars
Began in 1912 and was between the Balkan
countries and the Ottoman Empire
Serbia wanted Albania in exchange for fighting on
the Russian side
i.
ii.
1.
They did not get it
iii. 1913, Albania was made independent and off
limits to Serbia
1.
Russia was not able to influence or help out Serbia
a.
b.
Serbians were angry
Russia was left humiliated
iv. Russia had no power in Europe
1.
2.
Russians vow never to be again humiliated
Were ready for a war in order to save their honor
3. War Breaks Out
June 28, 1914
a.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo
i.
1.
Was the next in line for the Austrian-Hungarian throne
While driving through the city with his wife Sophie,
they are assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
ii.
1.
Was a member of a Serbian national group called the
Black Hand
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
Gavrilo Princip
iii. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and made a list of
demands for Serbia to agree to
1.
Terms were humiliating to Serbia and she refused to
agree to them
iv. Austria declared war on July 28, 1914
b. Mobilization
i.
ii.
iii.
Russia will side with Serbia and began to prepare
for war
Russia’s mobilization was seen as a threat and
Germany (all of Austria-Hungary) mobilizes against
Russia
Germany will declare war on Russia and then France
c. Schlieffen Plan
Germany had developed a plan to help prevent
fighting a war on two fronts
Plan was called Schieffen Plan
i.
ii.
1.
Called for Germany to quickly defeat France in the west
and then head east to fight Russia
iii. Quickest way to France was through Belgium
1.
2.
Belgium was neutral country
Germany invades and causes Great Britain to enter
the war
iv. Great Britain joins in on France’s and Russia’s side
d. Two Powers
i.
ii.
Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia and
Serbia
4. Stalemate
1914
a.
i.
ii.
By the end of 1914 two trench systems stretched
hundreds of miles across Europe
The Western Front was the dead lock region in
western Europe
The War Effort
1. Trench Warfare
Life in the Trench
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Soldiers lived there
Wet and dirty
Bullets, bombs and grenades would go off all around
you
Many times dead bodies stayed where they were at
Rats and lice were present
vi. “Over the Tops”
1.
2.
Soldiers were sent over the trench and ran towards
the enemy lines through no man’s land
Many were gunned down before they ever made it
to the other side
b. Trench warfare made the development of new
technology necessary
2. New Warfare
Poison Gas
a.
i.
ii.
Different kinds of
gas could do
different things i.e.:
choke, blind or burn
victims
This led to the
development of gas
masks
b. Rapid fire machine
guns
c. Tanks
i.
ii.
Armored vehicles
Pioneered by the
British
d. Aircraft
i.
ii.
First used to observe
enemy positions
Eventually guns and
bombs were
attached
e. Even with all of this
technology neither
side was able to gain
an adventure
3. The Home Front
Government Action
a.
War was also being waged at home
Governments took action
i.
ii.
1.
2.
3.
Factories produced military equipment
Citizens would conserve food
Governments tried to control public opinion
a.
Governments would censor newspaper reports
4. Used propaganda
Information used to
influence opinion
Encouraged support
of the war
a.
b.
i.
Used posters,
pamphlets, and
articles
b. Women and the War Effort
With men away fighting the war on the various
fronts, women at home filled positions that were once
occupied by men
Jobs
i.
ii.
1.
2.
3.
iii.
Work in factories
Help send food and weapons
Served as nurses
All of these things would help transform the public
view of what women could do
4. Western Front Battles
Battle of Verdun
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Verdun was a French fortress
Purpose of the battle was to kill and injure as many
French soldiers as possible
Lasted from February to December 1914
Around 400,000 French casualties and just as many
Germans
Ended in a stalemate
b. Battle of the Somme
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Fought near the Somme River in France, June 1916
It was an allied assault
On the first day alone the British had 60,000
casualties
Ended in December 1916 with no major break
through
c. 3rd Battle of Ypres
i.
ii.
Took place in Belgium
Ended badly for the British
d. After three years of fighting the lines were virtually
unchanged
5. Around the World
Ottoman Empire
a.
Entered the war on the Central powers side in late
1914
Controlled the Dardanelles
i.
ii.
1.
2.
A water route between the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea
Allies used this straight to ship supplies to Russia
b. The Gallipoli Campaign
i.
ii.
iii.
Began in 1915
It was an Allied effort to destroy guns and forts
that lined the Dardanelles
Allies will give up after months of fighting and
nearly 200,000 casualties
c. The Armenian Massacre
Late 1914, Russia attacks the Caucasus, a region
between the Black and Caspian Seas
i.
1.
2.
Area was home to ethnic Armenians
They were a minority in the Ottoman Empire, because
most were Christians
ii. Ottoman’s claimed the Armenians were helping the
Russians
iii. Spring 1915
1.
2.
3.
Ottoman’s began to forcibly remove the Armenians
from the Caucasus
Some 600,000 Armenians died either from violence,
starvation or both
Many accused Ottoman’s of genocide: the deliberate
destruction of a racial, political or cultural group
The Russian Revolution
1. Before the War
The Bolsheviks
a.
i.
ii.
Many were discontent with conditions within Russia
and started to support a small political group called
the Bolsheviks
They were a Marxist group that wanted to change
Russia through revolution
b. Vladimir Lenin
i.
ii.
iii.
Leader of the
Bolsheviks
Wanted to
overthrow the czar
He wanted the
Proletariat (industrial
workers) to gain
power and rule
Russia as a socialist
country
c. Economic Conditions
i.
ii.
By 1914, economic conditions were so bad that
World War I provided some relief
Czar Nicholas II hoped the war would unite the
country and rally the citizens around his leadership
2. World War I
Military
a.
Russia’s army was around 6 million at the start of the
war
Russia was ill-prepared for war
i.
ii.
1.
2.
Russia’s factories could not produce the amount of
ammunition or supplies that the army needed quickly
enough
Military not equipped to fight a major war
a.
b.
Equipment was out of date
Leaders within the army were poorly qualified
iii. Russia will enjoy initial success, but their losses will
soon outweigh their victories
iv. Czar Nicholas II takes personal command of the
army in 1915
1.
2.
His fate will be linked with the army
When the army lost a major campaign, people’s faith
in his leadership was severed
Nicholas II
Alexandra
b. Conditions in Russia
Food and other goods grew scarce in major cities
Czar left his wife, Czarina Alexandra, in charge
when he left for the front
Czarina relied on the advice of Grigory Rasputin
i.
ii.
iii.
1.
2.
Rasputin was a self-proclaimed holy man
Many viewed him as immoral and corrupt
3. Revolution Begins
March 18, 1917
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Citizens protest in Russia’s capital, Petrograd
Protested lack of food and fuel
Police and soldiers refuse to follow orders to shoot
rioters
Czar ordered the Duma, Russia’s legislature to
disband. The Duma does not
Nicholas is forced to abdicate his throne. This ends
the Russian monarchy
b. Provisional Government
Duma established a provisional government after the
czar abdicated
Led by Alexsandr Kerensky
Government planned to continue fighting in the war
even though the Russian people were tired of
fighting
Bolsheviks oppose Kerensky’s government
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
1.
Wanted to fundamentally change Russian society and
government
c. Bolsheviks
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Planned to abolish private property
Enforce social equality
Believed revolution would sweep the world
Lenin will be snuck back into Russia by the Germans
in 1917
4. Bolshevik Revolution
Mid 1917
a.
i.
ii.
Russians ordered final military offensive and failed
Led to widespread rebellion
Nov. 1917 armed factory workers a.k.a. the Red
Guard attacked the provisional government
b.
i.
This is known as the October Revolution
c. Kerensky’s government collapses
d. Lenin will become Russia’s leader
i.
ii.
He declared private property illegal and gave land
to the peasants
He also turned factories over to the workers
5. After the Revolution
Peace with the
Central Powers
a.
Leon Trotsky
i.
1.
2.
Sent to negotiate a
peace with the
Central Powers
Accepted an
agreement that
forced Russia to
give up huge chunks
of its empire
b. Civil War
i.
ii.
iii.
Fought by the “Red Army” (Bolsheviks) and the
“White Army” (those who opposed the Bolsheviks)
Lasted 3 years
Bolsheviks triumphed in late 1920
c. Economic Policy
Lenin will introduce a new economic policy
i.
1.
2.
3.
The plan permitted some capitalistic activity
People could sell food at a profit
This was meant to encourage food production
6. The Soviet Union
1922
a.
i.
ii.
The economy had improved
Russia united countries that had once belong to it and
formed the U.S.S.R or the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republic
1924
b.
i.
Lenin will die without a successor
United States Enters the War
1. Events Leading to U.S. Entry
Neutrality
a.
Many sided with the Allies, but felt the U.S. should
stay out of the war
President Wilson
i.
ii.
1.
2.
Believed the United States should not be involved in
other countries’ affairs
1916, Wilson will run for re-election with the campaign
slogan, “He kept us out of war”
b. Trouble at Sea
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
i.
1.
This is a German Policy
a.
2.
Any ship traveling around Great Britain was subject to
attack by German U-boats
Initially attacked British ships but then started attacking
merchant ships
a.
This was done in response to Great Britain’s dependence on
supplies being shipped in by other nations
ii. Lusitania
1.
2.
3.
Ship sunk by the
Germans
Killed 1200 people;
120 were Americans
Two more ships were
sunk carrying
Americans in August
and September
1915
iii. United States’ Response
1.
The government complained to Germany about the
loss of American lives
a.
2.
Germany agreed to stop attacks; feared U.S.
involvement in the war
By 1917, Germany believed the only way to defeat
Britain was with unrestricted submarine warfare
c. The Zimmerman Note
February 1917, The Zimmerman Note was
discovered
i.
1.
2.
It was a secret message sent to Mexico by a German
diplomat named Arthur Zimmerman
Proposed that Mexico attack the United States
a.
In return Mexico would get Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico
19 January, 1917:
The Zimmerman Note
to the German Minister to Mexico
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Berlin, January 19, 1917
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to
endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make
war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that
Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for
settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is
certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico,
on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same
time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now
promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman
(German Secretary of State)
ii. Note angered Americans and they began to call for
war
iii. United States had reasons to go to war
1.
2.
Common ancestry with Great Britain
Strong financial ties to Allied powers
a.
The United States was selling millions of dollars worth of
war goods to Britain each week
iv. April 1917, the United States enters the war on the
Allied side
2. U.S. Involvement in the War
Germany’s Response
a.
Germany had to win the war before America could
send troops to Europe
After Russia’s exit Germany moves all troops to the
Western Front
i.
ii.
1.
2.
March 18, Germany launches a major assault on the
Western Front
Advance within 40 miles of Paris
b. Important Battles
The 2nd Battle of the Marne
i.
1.
2.
3.
Allied forces are able to stop German assault
Allied forces are able to effectively combine the use of
tanks and aircraft
Allied forces gain huge amounts of territory
ii. Oct. 1918
1.
2.
3.
Allied forces break through the Hindenburg line
German leaders approach Allies in seeking an
armistice (truce)
On November 11, 1918 at 11 a.m. the war ends
3. A Difficult Peace
Different Desires
a.
i.
The major leaders of the Allied powers all wanted
different things as far as a peace agreement went
ii. United States
1.
2.
Led by Woodrow Wilson
The 14 Points
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wilson’s vision for world peace
Included the reduction of weapons
Right for people to choose their own government
Propose an organization be created that the world’s
leaders would join to protect one another from
aggression
iii. France
1.
2.
3.
Led by George
Clemenceau
Wanted to punish
Germany
Wanted Germany to
pay for war costs
iv. Great Britain
1.
2.
3.
Led by David Lloyd
George
Great Britain was
somewhere between
the United States’
position and France’s
position
Wanted to punish
Germany but did not
want to weaken
Germany either
v. Italy
1.
2.
3.
Led by Vittorio
Orlando
Hoped to gain
territory for Italy
Largely ignored by
the other three
b. The Treaty of Versailles
i.
ii.
Named after the French Palace of Versailles where it
was signed
Was closer to what Clemenceau wanted than Wilson
iii. Parts of the treaty
1.
2.
3.
4.
Germany is forced to pay large amounts to victims of
the war
Germany was forced to take full responsibility of the
war
Forced Germany to limit the size of its army
Germany had to return conquered land to France
and Russia
a.
b.
Other lands were taken to form newly independent
nation of Poland
Germany’s colonies were given to various world leaders
iv. Germany is humiliated by the treaty but had to
accept
v. Treaty was signed on June 18, 1919
c. Outcome of the Treaty
It crippled the Germany economy
Bitterness from the treaty would affect politics for
years to come
It established the League of Nations
i.
ii.
iii.
1.
This is a victory for Wilson
d. The League of Nations
Main goals:
i.
1.
2.
Encourage international cooperation
To keep peace between the nations
ii. Problem: It does not represent everyone
1.
2.
Germany is excluded
Wilson is unable to convince the United States
government to ratify the treaty
a.
3.
Many feared that the League of Nations would drag
them into another war
The absence of the United States weakened the
League of Nations
e. Other Treaties
Other treaties were formed to deal with AustriaHungary and Ottoman Empires
i.
1.
Vast lands of the Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires
were broken apart to create independent nations
a.
Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Turkey
2. Former Ottoman lands were turned into mandates
(territories) to be ruled by European powers
a.
b.
France was given Syria and Lebanon
Great Britain was given Palestine and Iraq
ii. Zionist movement
1.
2.
The desire to create Jewish state in the Middle East
began to start in Europe
1917- the British issued the Balfour Declaration
a.
Favored a Jewish state in Palestine
iii. European nations were only suppose to govern
mandates until they were able to govern themselves
1.
Mandates will become nothing more than colonies
4. Impact of the War
Human Costs
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
9 million are killed
Millions more are wounded or taken prisoner
In Germany, France and Russia almost an entire
generation died or were wounded
Spring 1918 influenza swept across the globe
making things worse and killing millions more
b. Economic Costs
France, Belgium and Russia were left devastated
Europe lost role as the dominant economic region of
the world
i.
ii.
1.
iii.
The United States and Japan prospered during the war
Countries were forced to come up with new sources
or develop their own products
c. Political Change
Russia was now Communist
Old monarchies are gone
i.
ii.
1.
iii.
Examples: Austria-Hungary (Hapsburgs), Germany, the
Ottomans and Russia (Romanov)
Other countries experienced political upheaval
d. Unrest in the Colonies
i.
ii.
After fighting in the war for their sovereigns many
colonies thought that they might gain their
independence after the war
This did not happen and independence was put off
for many of them