Transcript Industrialization

INDUSTRIALIZATION
CHAPTER 14
1865-1901
• The rise of the United States as an industrial power
began after the Civil War.
• Many factors promoted industry, including cheap labor,
new inventions and technology, and plentiful raw
materials.
• Government policies encouraged growth and large
corporations became an important part of the economy.
• As industry expanded workers tried to form unions to
fight for better wages and working conditions.
UNITED STATES INDUSTRIALIZES
• The Industrial Revolution began in the United
States in the early 1800s.
• With the end of the Civil War, American
industry expanded and millions of people left
their farms to work in mines and factories.
• By the early 1900s, the United States had
become the world’s leading industrial nation.
• By 1914 the nation’s gross national product (GNP)
was eight times greater than it had been when the
Civil War ended. What is the gross national product?
• The total value of all goods and services produced by
a country.
• The Gross National Product (GNP) is the total dollar
value of all final goods and services produced for
consumption in society during a particular time
period.
• Its rise or fall measures economic activity based on
the labor and production output within a country.
WHAT WAS ONE OF THE REASONS FOR
THE NATION’S INDUSTRIAL SUCCESS?
• An abundance of raw materials.
• What were the natural resources found in the
United States that led to the country’s industrial
success?
• Water, timber, coal, iron and copper
• At the same time what new resource began to be
exploited what was this resource?
• Petroleum
WHY WAS PETROLEUM IN HIGH DEMAND?
• It could be turned into kerosene.
What was kerosene used for?
• Used in lanterns and stoves
• In 1859 who drilled the first oil well
near Titusville, Pennsylvania?
• Edwin Drake
• By 1900 oil fields from Pennsylvania
to Texas had been opened.
• As oil production rose it fueled
economic expansion.
• Between 1860 to 1910 the population of the
United States tripled.
• What were the two causes did the
population growth stem from?
• Large families and flood of immigration.
• American industry began to grow at a time
when the social and economic conditions in
China and Europe convinced many to leave
in search for a better life.
WHAT WAS ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR
THAT ENABLED THE UNITED STATES TO
INDUSTRIALIZE SO RAPIDLY?
• Free enterprise
• In the 1800s many Americans embraced the idea
of what which meant “let the people do as they
choose?”
• Laissez-faire
• What did the supporters of laissez-faire believe?
• Government should not interfere with the
economy other than to protect private property
rights and maintain peace.
• Laissez-faire relies on supply and demand rather then
the government to regulate prices and wages.
• Supporters claim that a free market with competing
companies leads to greater efficiency and creates wealth
for everyone.
• Supports low taxes to ensure that private individuals
will make most of the decisions about how the nation’s
wealth is spent.
• They also believed that the government’s debt should
be kept limited since money the government borrows
from banks is not available to be loaned to individuals
for their use.
• In the United States profit motive attracted
people of high ability and ambition into
business.
• There were those willing to take a risk with
their capital to organize and run a business
what was this group of people called?
• Entrepreneurs
• In the late 1800s entrepreneurs were
attracted to manufacturing and
transportation fields.
• As a result hundreds of factors and
thousands of miles of railroads were built.
WHY WAS EUROPE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE
OF CAPITAL?
• Foreign investors saw more opportunities for
growth and profit in the U.S. than at home.
• In the late 1800s state and federal government
had a laissez-faire attitude by keeping taxes
and spending low and by not imposing
regulations on industry.
• The government did not control wages or
prices.
• It adopted policies to help industry.
• Since the early 1800s the northeastern states and
southern states debated on economic polices.
• Northerners wanted high tariffs to protect their
industries from foreign competition.
• Southerners opposed tariffs to keep the cost of
imported goods down.
• The high tariffs contradicted laissez-faire policies
and harmed many Americans.
• As the United States raised tariffs on foreign
products, other countries responded by raising
tariffs against American products.
• American companies who sold goods overseas,
especially farmers were hurt by these high
tariffs.
• Many business leaders and members of
Congress felt tariffs were necessary to protect
American industry against the already
established European factories.
• By the early 1900s, American industries were
larger and highly competitive.
WHAT WERE SOME PROBLEMS CAUSED BY
HIGH TARIFFS?
• When other countries placed high
tariffs against American goods it hurt
American companies selling products
overseas.
• Rural American farmers were
especially hard hit by the tariffs
causing many of them to leave farms
and take factor jobs.
NEW INVENTIONS
• New inventions increased America’s productivity
which in turn produced wealth and job
opportunities.
• What areas would these new inventions
improve?
Transportation, communications which was vital
to the nations industrial growth.
• Led to the founding of new corporations which
produced new wealth and new jobs.
• The clothing industry increased productivity in
the mid-1800s with the introduction of the
Northrop automatic loom, the power driven
sewing machine and cloth cutter.
• Mass production in the shoe industry allowed
large factories to produce shoes more cheaply
and efficiently than local cobblers. The savings
then resulted in lower prices.
• Technology improved
connections among people.
• In 1866 Cyrus Field laid a
telegraph cable across the
Atlantic Ocean providing
instant contact between the
United States and Europe.
GUGLIELMO MARCONI
• Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved
the feasibility of radio communication.
• He sent and received his first radio signal in
Italy in 1895.
• By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal
across the English Channel.
• In 1902 he sent the first telegraph from
England to Newfoundland. This was the first
successful transatlantic radiotelegraph
message.
• The radio became common in American homes
in the 1920s.
ELISHA OTIS (1852)
Elisha Otis, a descendant of revolutionary
patriot James Otis (1725-1783), was born
near Halifax, Vermont.
He left his family's successful farm at the
age of nineteen to pursue a number of
trades, including carpentry in Troy, New
York, and grist milling, followed by carriage
manufacturing and sawmilling in Vermont.
In 1845 Otis moved his family to Albany,
New York, where he worked as a master
mechanic at a bedstead factory and invented
an automatic lathe.
In 1851 Otis went to Bergen, New
Jersey, and then to Yonkers, New
York the following year to
supervise the construction of a
new bedstead factory for his
employer. While in Yonkers, Otis
designed a "safety hoist" to lift
loads at the factory; his crucial
innovation was a safety catch that
kept the car from falling if the
lifting cable or rope broke.
Otis set up a small elevator shop in Yonkers in 1853,
selling only a few for hoisting freight.
To increase sales, Otis dramatically demonstrated his
elevator during an exhibition at the Crystal Palace in
New York City in 1854, riding in the cab high above
onlookers and then having the cable cut.
This did attract attention, and in 1857 Otis installed the
first passenger safety elevator in a New York department
store, and later his passenger elevator made the
skyscraper feasible.
Just before his death, Otis patented a steam-driven
elevator, which was the basis for what became the Otis
Elevator Company, run by Otis's two sons, Charles and
Norton.
Among other devices Otis patented were railroad car
brakes (1852), a steam plow (1857), and a bake oven
(1858).
George Mortimer Pullman
1831–97, American industrialist and
developer of the railroad sleeping car.
As a young man he became a
cabinetmaker, and after he moved
(1858) to Chicago he began converting
(1859) old railroad coaches in order to
facilitate long-distance traveling. Some
five years later he built, the first
modern sleeping car.
Gaining great wealth from his
invention, he founded (1867) the
Pullman Palace Car Company.
The town of Pullman, now part of
Chicago, was built (1880) for the
company and its workers. One of the
most famous of all U.S. strikes was that
at Pullman in 1894.
Thaddeus Sobieski Coulincourt Lowe (August 20,
1832 - January 16, 1913), also known as
Professor T. S. C. Lowe, was an Civil War
aeronaut, scientist and inventor.
Lowe became a pioneer in the field of
aeronautics, with the goal of building a trans
Atlantic airship.
After the war, he experimented with the cooling
properties of compressed gases and developed a
Carbon Dioxide cooled commercial ice-making
machine, for which he was granted British
Patent No. 952. His commercially produced ice
was first sold in Dallas, TX in 1866.
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
Alexander Graham Bell, American
inventor and teacher of the deaf, most
famous for his invention of the
telephone. Since the age of 18, Bell
had been working on the idea of
transmitting speech. In 1874, while
working on a multiple telegraph, he
developed the basic ideas for the
telephone. His experiments with his
assistant Thomas Watson finally
proved successful on March 10,
1876, when the first complete
sentence was transmitted: "Watson,
come here; I want you.".
In 1874, New York City
installs an electric streetcar
system designed by
Stephen Dudley Field. The
system is dangerous and
ineffective, but it is a sign
of major changes to come
in urban transportation.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
Thomas Alva Edison was the most
prolific inventor in American
history.
He amassed a record 1,093 patents
covering key innovations and minor
improvements in wide range of
fields, including
telecommunications, light bulb
electric power, sound recording,
motion pictures, primary and storage
batteries, and mining and cement
technology.
James Ritty
In 1871, Ritty became a saloon owner in
Dayton.
Unfortunately for Ritty, some of his
employees stole money from the business.
In 1878, while on a ship bound for Europe,
Ritty saw a machine that counted the number
of times that the ship's propeller completed a
revolution.
Using the same sort of technology, Ritty
became convinced that he could invent a
machine that could keep track of his sales.
He returned to the United States, and with the
assistance of his brother, a mechanic, he
invented the first cash register.
He patented his invention on November 4,
1879, and called it "Ritty's Incorruptible
Cashier." Ritty's machine did not have a
cash drawer. Instead, it simply recorded the
number of sales and also the amount of
each one. This machine allowed Ritty to
keep accurate track of the number of sales
and the amount of each sale that was
made.
JAN E. MATZELIGER
Inventor of the shoe-lacing machine, Jan
Matzeliger not only revolutionized the shoe
industry but made Lynn, Massachusetts, the
"shoe capital of the world." Born in South
America, Matzeliger at eighteen came to the
United States to work in a shoe factory where he
conceived of a machine that would do the work of
more than a dozen workers.
The Industrial Revolution had produced
machines to cut, sew, and tack shoes, but none
had been perfected to automatically stitch the
leather of the shoe to the sole.
Matzeliger's patented shoe-lasting device
drastically reduced shoe prices, increased wages,
and improved working conditions for millions
who worked in the shoe industry.
• Granville T. Woods was
known as the "Black
Edison”- invented more than
a dozen devices to improve
electric railway cars and
many more for controlling
the flow of electricity.
CHARLES AND FRANK DURYEA
America's first gasoline powered commercial car
manufacturers were two brothers, Charles Duryea
(1861-1938) and Frank Duryea. The brothers were
bicycle makers who became interested in gasoline
engines and automobiles. On September 20 1893,
their first automobile was constructed and
successfully tested on the public streets of
Springfield, Massachusetts. Charles Duryea founded
the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1896, the first
company to manufacture and sell gasoline powered
vehicles. By 1896, the company had sold thirteen
cars of the model Duryea, an expensive limousine,
which remained in production into the 1920s.
OTHER INVENTIONS
Air Brake- George Westinghouse
Electric Voting Machine- Thomas Edison
Cable Street Car- Andrew S. Hallide
Carpet Sweeper- Melville Bissell
Electric Iron- Henry W. Seely
Fountain Pen- Lewis E. Waterman
Electric Welding Machine- Elihu Thomas
Safety Razor with throwaway blades-King C. Gillette
Motor driven vacuum cleaner- John Thurman
LINKING THE NATION
2
• After the Civil War, railroad construction
dramatically expanded.
• In 1862 President Lincoln signed the Pacific
Railway Act which provided for the construction
of a transcontinental railroad by the Union
Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies.
• To encourage rapid construction the government
offered each company land along its right of way.
• In 1865 the Union Pacific under the
engineer Greenville Dodge pushed
westward from Omaha, Nebraska.
The laborers faced blizzards in the
mountains, scorching heat in the
desert and Native Americans.
• What sort of people did the work on
the railroad?
• Civil War veterans, new immigrants
from Ireland, farmers, miners, cooks,
and ex-convicts.
• Four merchants known as the
“Big Four” invested in the
Central Pacific Railroad.
• They each bought stock in the
railroad and eventually made a
fortune.
• One of them Leland Stanford
became the governor of
California founded Stanford
University and later became a
United States Senator.
“BIG FOUR”
• Theodore Dehone Judah sold railroad stock to his
declining Central Railroad Company to four
merchants
• Charley Crocker- Shop Owner
• Mark Hopkins- Hardware Store Owner
• Collis P. Huntington- Hardware Store Owner
• Leland Stanford- Grocery Store Owner
BECAUSE OF THE LABOR SHORTAGE
THE CENTRAL PACIFIC HIRED ABOUT
10,000 _____ WORKERS.
Chinese
RAILROADS SPUR GROWTH
• Railroads encouraged the growth of
American Industry.
• The transcontinental railroad was the first of
many lines to crisscross the nation after the
Civil War.
• In the early 1800s most railways served only
local needs, resulting in many unconnected
rail lines.
• One of the most famous and
successful railroad consolidators was
Cornelius Vanderbilt, a former
steamboat captain who built the
largest steamboat fleet in America.
• By 1869 Vanderbilt had purchased
and merged three short New York
railroads to form the New York
Central.
• He was the first to offer direct rail
service from New York to Chicago.
• In 1883 rail service became safer and
more reliable when the American
Railway Association divided the
country into four times zones or
regions, where the same time was kept.
• Large integrated railroad systems
provided increased efficiency a
decrease in time spent in long distance
travel and it united Americans from
different regions.
LAND GRANT SYSTEM
• Building and operating railroads lines especially
across the vast unsettled regions of the West often
required more money that most private investors
could raise on their own.
• To encourage railroad construction what did the
federal government do?
• Gave railroads land grants- land given to railroads
by federal government to sell to settlers, real estate
companies and other businesses to raise money they
needed to built railroads.
ROBBER BARONS
• The wealth of railroad
entrepreneurs led to
accusations that they had
acquired their wealth
through illegal means.
• One of the entrepreneurs
with the worst reputation
was Jay Gould who used
information he obtained as a
railroad owner to
manipulate stock prices to
his benefit.
• Railroad investors realized they could make
more money through land grants than by
running a railroad so many investors bribed
members of Congress to vote for more land
grants.
• In 1872 corruption in the railroad system
became public with the Credit Mobilier
scandal.
• Several stockholders of the Union Pacific
set up the Credit Mobilier a construction
company.
• Not all of the entrepreneurs
were corrupt.
• James J. Hill built the Great
Northern Railroad without
any federal land grants or
subsidies.
• It became the most
successful transcontinental
railroad and the only one
not to go bankrupt.
3
BIG BUSINESS
• After the Civil War, big business
assumed a more prominent role in
American life.
• By the 1900 big business dominated
the economy of the United States.
• Big business would not have been
possible without the corporation.
• What is a corporation?
• A corporation is an organization owned
by many people but treated by law as
though a single person.
• A corporation can own property, pay
taxes make contracts and sue and be
sued.
• The people who own corporations are
called what?
• Stockholders
• The people who own the corporation
own shares of the ownership called
what?
• Stocks
• Issuing stock allows a corporation to
raise large sums of money but spreads
out the financial risk.
• From the sale of stock, corporations
could invest in new technologies to
increase their efficiency.
• All businesses have two kinds of cost
what are they?
• Fixed costs- are the costs a company
has to pay whether it is operating or
not.
• Examples of fixed cost- loans,
mortgages, and taxes.
• Operating cost- are costs that occur when a
company is in operation.
• Examples- wages, shipping charges, and supplies.
• Big corporations had an advantage over small
manufacturing companies.
• Big corporations could produce more cheaply, and
they could continue to operate even in poor
economic times by cutting prices to increase
sales.
• Many small businesses with high operating costs
were forced out of business.
THE CONSOLIDATION OF INDUSTRY
• Competition between corporate leaders caused
lower prices for consumers, but it also cut into
profits.
• To stop prices from falling, companies organized
pools or agreements to keep prices at a certain
level.
• Pools usually did not last long.
• As soon as one member cut prices, the pool broke
apart.
• By the 1870s, competition had reduce industry to
a few large highly efficient corporations.
• Andrew Carnegie a poor Scottish
immigrant worked his was up
from a bobbin boy in a textile
factory to the president of the
Pennsylvania Railroad.
• He invested much of his money in
railroad-related businesses and
later owned his own business.
• He opened a steel company in
1875 and quickly adapted his steel
mills to use the Bessemer Process.
Started at a $1.20 a
week, worth close to
2 billion at his death.
• Carnegie began the vertical integration
of the steel industry. What is a vertical
integration company?
• A company which owns all the
different businesses it depends on for
operation.
• This not only saves money but also
makes a big company bigger.
Ace Meat Industries
Delivery Vehicles
Meat Packing Plants
Cooled Warehouses
Refrigerated Rail Cars
Slaughterhouse
Cattle
VERTICAL
INTEGRATION
COMPANY
• Business leaders also pushed for horizontal
integration- combining many firms doing the
same business into one large corporation.
• A monopoly occurs when one company gains
control of an entire market.
• In the late 1800s, Americans became suspicious
of large corporations and feared monopolies.
• Many states made it illegal for a company to
own stock in another company without
permission from the state legislature.
Purchase of
Competing
Companies in
Same Industry
HORIZONTAL
INTEGRATION
U.S. Oil Company
Independent Oil Refineries
MONOPOLY
• In 1882 Standard Oil formed the first trust, which
merged businesses without violating laws against
owning other companies.
• A trust allows a person to manage another
person’s property.
• A holding company did not produce anything
itself.
• Instead it owned the stock of companies that did
produce goods.
• The holding company controlled all the
companies it owned, merging them all into one
large enterprise.
WHY DID AMERICANS FEAR
MONOPOLIES?
• Americans feared monopolies because a company
with a monopoly could charge whatever price it
wanted for a product.
SELLING THE PRODUCT
• Retailers looked for new
ways to market and sell
their goods.
• Advertising changed with
illustrations replacing
small-type line ads.
• N.W. Ayer and Son of
Philadelphia developed
bold new formats for
advertising.
• The department store
changed the idea of
shopping by bringing
in a huge assortment
of products in a large
glamorous building.
• Chain stores like
Woolworth’s focused
on offering low
prices instead of
special services or
fancy décor.
• Mail-order catalogs
were created to reach
rural Americans.
• Montgomery Ward
and Sears, Roebuck
were two largest
catalog retailers.
HOW DID DEPARTMENT STORES
CHANGE THE IDEA OF SHOPPING?
• Department stores brought a huge
assortment of products into one
building.
• They made shopping seem
glamorous and exciting.
4
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
• By the 1880s the Standard Oil
Company, under the direction
of John D. Rockefeller and
his associates had gained
control of more than 90% of
the oil refining business in the
United States.
UNIONS
In an attempt to improve their
working conditions industrial
workers came together to form
unions in the 1800s.
• Life for workers in industrial America was
difficult.
• Dangerous working conditions and the income
difference between the wealthy and the workers
caused resentment.
• Between 1865 and 1897 the United States
experienced deflation or a rise in the value of
money.
• Relations between workers and employers were
made more difficult by deflation.
EARLY UNIONS
• Two types of workers were part of
industrial America.
• Craft workers had special skills and
were generally paid more.
• Common laborers had few skills and as
a result received lower wages.
• In the 1830s craft workers formed trade
unions which were unions limited to
people with specific skills.
• By 1873 there were 32 trade unions in
the United States.
• Employers opposed industrial unions
which united all craft workers and
common laborers in a particular
industry.
• Companies went to great lengths to
prevent unions from forming.
• Companies would have workers take oaths to
sign contracts promising not to join unions.
• They would also hire detectives to identify
union organizers.
• Workers who organized a union or strike were
fired and put on a what?
• Blacklist- What is a blacklist? A list of
troublemakers.
• Once blacklisted a worker could get a job only
by changing trade, residence of his or her
name.
• If a union was formed companies used
a what?
• Lockout
• Workers went without pay and were
locked out of the property.
• If the union did strike employers would
hire replacement workers called
strikebreakers also known as scabs.
• There were no laws that gave workers
the right to organize.
• The ideas of Karl Marx was popular
in Europe. What was it called?
• Marxism
• Marx felt it was the class struggle
between the workers and the owners
that shaped society.
• He believed the workers would
revolt and gain control.
• After the revolution Marx believed a
socialist society would be created in
which the wealth was evenly divided
and classes would no longer exist.
• Many labor supporters agreed with
Marxism and some supported the idea
of anarchism.
• Anarchists believed society did not
need government and that a few acts
of violence would cause the
government to collapse.
• As ideas of Marxism and anarchism
spread in Europe tens of thousands of
immigrants arrived in the United
States.
• People began to associate Marxism
and anarchism with immigrants. They
also were suspicious of unions as well.
THE STRUGGLE TO ORGANIZE
• Workers attempted to create large
unions, but rarely succeeded.
• Many times confrontations
between owners and government
ended in violence.
• The Great Railroad strike of 1877
occurred after severe recession in
1873 forced many companies to
cut wages.
In the summer of 1877, a nationwide
upheaval brought the United States to a
standstill, 80,000 railroad workers stopped
work.
Hundreds of thousands of other Americans
soon followed: men and women, black and
white, native- and foreign-born.
It was America's first national strike; many
observers thought a second American
Revolution was at hand.
• The failure of the great
railroad strike led to a need for
better organized laborers.
• By the late 1870s the first
nationwide industrial union
called the Knights of Labor
was formed.
• They demanded an 8 hour workday a
government bureau of labor statistics equal
pay for women, an end to child labor and
worker-owned factories.
• They supported arbitration a process where
an impartial third party helps mediate
between workers and management.
• The Haymarket Riot caused the popularity
of the Knights of Labor to decline
• A nationwide strike was called to
show support of and eight-hour
workday.
• A clash in Chicago left one striker
dead.
• The next evening a meeting at
Haymarket Square was scheduled
to protest the killing.
• Someone threw a bomb-in the
end 7 police and 4 more workers
were killed.
• No one knew who threw the
bomb yet one man from the
Knights of Labor was arrested.
• The riot would hurt the reputation of the
union and people started to drop out.
• In 1893 railroad workers created the
American Railroad Union (ARU)
• They unionized the Pullman Palace Car
Company in Illinois.
• After recession caused the company to cut
wages, a boycott of Pullman cars occurred
across the United States.
• It tied up the railroads and threatened the
economy.
• To end the boycott U.S. mail cars
were attached to Pullman cars.
• Refusing to handle a Pullman car
would result in tampering with the
mail a violation of federal law.
• After an injunction or formal court
order stopped the boycott the strike
and the ARU both ended.
THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
• In 1886 delegates
from over 20 of the
nation’s trade union
organized the
American Federation
of Labor.
• The AFL’s first leader was
Samuel Gompers whose
plain and simple approach
to labor relations helped
union become accepted.
• Gompers wanted to keep
unions out of politics and
to fight for small gains
such as higher wages and
better working conditions.
• Under Gompers leadership the AFL had three
goals: to get companies to recognize unions
and agree to collective bargaining to pushed
for closed shops where companies could only
hire members and to promote an eight-hour
workday.
• By 1900s the AFL had over 500,000 members.
• The majority of workers however were still
unorganized.
MARY HARRIS
“MOTHER” JONES
• By 1890 Jones
had become an
organizer for the
Union Mine
Workers.
WORKING WOMEN
• By 1900 women made up more than
18% of the labor force.
• Women worked as domestic servants,
teachers, nurses, sales clerks and
secretaries.
• Women were paid less than men.
• It was felt that men needed a higher
wage because they needed to support a
family.
• Most unions excluded women.
• A separate union for women
was created by Mary Kenney
O’Sullivan, Leonora O’Reilly.
Jane Addams and Lillian Waldthe founders of the settlement
house movement and helped to
form the Women’s Trade Union
League.
• The WTUL pushed for an eight hour day,
the creation of a minimum wage and end to
evening work for women and the abolition
of child labor.
• The WTUL also collected funds to support
women on strike.
THE END
TEST REVIEW
• What were the years of Industrialization?
• 1865-1901
• The total value of all goods and services produced
by a country is what?
• Gross National Product
• What was one of the reasons for the nation’s
industrial success?
• Abundance of raw materials
• What are the natural resources found in the
United States that led to the country’s industrial
success?
• Timber, water, coal, iron and copper
• What new resource was discovered in the U.S.?
• Petroleum
• Why was petroleum in high demand?
• turned into kerosene
• What was kerosene used for?
• lanterns/stoves
• In 1859 who drilled the first oil well near Titusville,
Pennsylvania?
• Edwin Drake
• Between 1860 to 1910 the population of the
United States _____.
• Tripled
• What were the two causes did the population growth stem from?
• large families/flood of immigration
• American industry began to grow at a time when the ____and __
conditions in China and Europe convinced many to leave in
search for a better life.
• social/economic
• What was another important factor that enabled the United States
to industrialize so rapidly?
• Free enterprise
• In the 1800s many Americans embraced the idea of what which
meant “let the people do as they choose?”
• Laissez-faire
• What did the supporters of laissez-faire believe?
• government should not interfere with the economy
• There were those willing to take a risk with their capital to organize
and run a business what was this group of people called?
• Entrepreneur
• In the late 1800s entrepreneurs were attracted to ___ and ___fields.
• manufacturing/transportation
• What areas would new inventions improve?
• transportation/communication
• ______laid a telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean providing
instant contact between the United States and Europe.
• Cyrus Field
• ______an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio
communication.
• Gugliemo Marconi
• The _____ became common in American homes in the 1920s.
• Radios
• ______installed the first passenger safety elevator in a New
York department store, and later his passenger elevator made the
skyscraper feasible.
• Elisha Otis
• ____ was the developer of the railroad sleeping car.
• George Pullman
• _____developed a Carbon Dioxide cooled commercial icemaking machine.
• Thaddeus Lowe
• _____American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous
for his invention of the telephone.
• Alexander Graham Bell
• In 1874, New York City installs an electric streetcar system
designed by _____ .
• Stephen Dudley Field
• ______amassed a record 1,093 patents covering key
innovations and minor improvements in wide range of fields,
including telecommunications, light bulb electric power, sound
recording, motion pictures, primary and storage batteries, and
mining and cement technology.
• Thomas A. Edison
• ______invented the first cash register.
• James Ritty
• _____was the inventor of the shoe-lacing machine.
• Jan Matzeliger
• _____was known as the "Black Edison”- invented more than a dozen devices
to improve electric railway cars and many more for controlling the flow of
electricity.
• Granville T. Woods
• _____were bicycle makers who became interested in gasoline engines and
automobiles. First automobile was constructed and successfully tested on the
public streets of Springfield, Massachusetts.
• Charles/Frank Duryea
• Because of a labor shortage the Central Pacific Railroad hired about 10,000
workers from ___________.
• Chinese
• ____ encouraged the growth of American Industry.
• Railroads
• The most famous railroad consolidator was ___ he merged three short New
York railroads to form the New York Central in 1869.
• Cornelius Vanderbilt
• ______ were given to railroad companies by the federal government to
encourage railroad construction.
• Land grants
• In 1872 corruption in the railroad system became public with the _________
scandal.
• Credit Mobilier
• Bought stock in the railroad and eventually made a fortune and later became
the governor of California founded Stanford University and later became a
United States Senator.
• Leland Stanford
• Railroad investors realized they could make more money through land grants
than by running a railroad so many investors bribed members of ______to
vote for more land grants.
• Congress
• A _____ is an organization owned by many people but treated by law as
though it was a single person.
• corporation
• ________ are the people who own shares of a corporation.
• Stockholders
• ______ a poor Scottish immigrant worked his way up from a bobbin boy in a
textile factory to the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
• Andrew Carnegie
• A _______ occurs when one company gains control of and entire market.
• Monopoly
• In 1882 Standard Oil formed the first ________ which merged businesses
without violating laws against owning other companies.
• Trust
• The _____ changed the idea of shopping by bringing in a huge assortment of
products in a large glamorous building.
• Department stores
• Chain stores like ______ focused on offering low prices instead
of special services or fancy décor.
• Woolworth
• The ________ of 1877 occurred after a severe recession in 1873
forced many companies to cut wages.
• Great Railroad Strike
• In 1886 delegates from over 20 of the nation’s trade unions
organized the ______.
• American Federation of Labor
• The first leader of the nation’s trade union was ___.
• Samuel Gompers
• By the late 1870s the first nationwide industrial union was
called _____.
• Knights of Labor
• Workers who organized unions or strikes were
fired or put on a ______.
• Blacklist
• Mary Kenny O’Sullivan and Leonora O’Reilly
helped to form _____ the first national
association dedicated to promoting women’s
labor issues.
• Women’s Trade Union League