Transcript chapt. 23

Panama Canal was emblematic
of the rise of America to
increasingly nationalistic and
interventionist power. European
diplomats believed they could
maintain global order by
dividing the world into spheres
of influence and creating a
series of political alliances. They
were wrong. Europe's Old
World order collapsed in a
terrible war.
• Progressive diplomacy,
• moralism
• order
• Increased executive power
• Driven by
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Manifest Destiny
White Mans Burden
Economic expansion
Nationalism
• "Roosevelt Corollary" (1905)
applied to the Monroe
Doctrine -right of the United
States to intervene in Latin
American countries.
• "open door" in China
preserved- Roosevelt and
Treaty of Portsmouth
• protecting the Philippines
• Taft attempted to substitute "dollar diplomacy" for "dollars for
bullets." Unsuccessful in China, the Taft-Knox policies did help
American capital to penetrate Latin America.
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freedom
democracy
Christian values
international harmony
American mission to spread democracy and capitalism to
promote stability and progress (and American markets) in the
world.
• All had difficulty to instill American-style democracy and
capitalism onto foreign countries
• General Victoriano Huerta-executed
Madero- made himself President of
Mexico.
• U.S. intervened and occupied
Veracruz
• Carranza govt. takes over- US finally
recognizes it.
• Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
• Threaten US, anti-Carranza
• Killed Am. Workers and raided
Columbus, N.M.
• John Pershing- sent w/ troops to
Mexico to find Villa
• 1916 troops removed
• 1917 Mexico adopted constitution
• Wilson proclaimed a policy of neutrality. By standing above the fray,
he believed the United States could lead the world to a higher peace
of international cooperation and collective security.
• sympathies lay with the British- common ancestry
• German aggression
• Economic ties to Allies
• Germany launched a vicious submarine assault on Allied and neutral
shipping that brought the United States into the war in 1917.
• Sinking of Lusitania
• Sussex pledge-if Germany refused to stop US would break
relations= war
• Germans announce unrestricted warfare again
• Zimmerman Telegram- Germany to push Mexico to reclaim lost
territory.
• Was US prepared to go war?
• Selective Service Act-draft (conscription)- conservatives disagree
• training programs in hygiene, literacy, and Americanization, IQ tests
• infringement of civil liberties.
• mobilizing the economy with centralized executive agencies,
propagandizing the war by using modern techniques of advertising.
• The result was a deepening partnership between centralized
government and business.
• Large migrations of Latinos and African-Americans reshaped the
nation's cities and deepened tensions.- higher volunteer rate,
segregated ranks
• Taxes increase
• Liberty bonds
• War Industries Board-control production, focus on stabilizing
war economy
• Food Administration- farmers to grow, less waste, farmers quick
to take loans and credit
• Fuel Administration- Daylight savings, stretch workday and save
fuel
• National War Labor Board-arbitrate labor disputes- wages, OT
pay, pay for women
• Committee on Public information- propaganda
• Espionage and Sedition Acts
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June 1917
Violated 1st amendment
Fined or jail time for
Interfering with draft
Obstructing sale of bonds
Saying anything bad about government or war effort
• John Jay Pershing- Head of AEF
• Wilson’s 14 points
• Open diplomacy
• To keep world peace permanently
• open agreements- no secret treaties
• Freedom of seas
• free trade
• Arms reduced to lowest point
• consider interests of colonial people along with interests of imperial
powers
• Next eight deal with new boundaries
• 14th called for a league of nations- nations to settle grievances
before war
• Treaty of Versailles
• Allies refused 14 points- PUNISH GERMANY
• Big four-France, Italy, England, and US
• Russians not invited- Communist Bolsheviks
• Germany
• Demilitarized Germany: no air force, reducing army
• Pay reparations (war damages) $33 billion
• War guilt clause: forced Germany to acknowledge it alone was responsible
for WWI
• Wilsons self determination: Nine new nations: Poland,
Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
• Ottoman Empire carved out
• Mandates: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine (Jordan and Israel)
• Republicans dominate congressangry with wartime controls,
taxes, and violations on civil
liberties.
• Henry Lodge-against league of
nations- pull US into foreign
affairs
• Wilson suffers stroke- trying to
push for league
• Treaty of Versailles was dead in
US- ended war in 1921 in US
• Red Scare:
• Unemployment rises- soldier home, war
economy done
• Prices rising, wages staying the same
• Socialist party to Communist Party
• Bombs sent to leaders- Palmer,
Rockefeller from anarchist immigrant
• Palmer raids-invade private
institutions, no warrants, no trial
• Most Russian- fear of communism
• Question loyalty-socialists targeted
(unions)
• May Day prediction looses credibility
• Propaganda furthers racism, and differences of class
• Move from farm to factory
• Spending money and living life
"America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums,
but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but
adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the
dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in
internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality...."
President Harding