Transcript Great_Depressionx - Anderson School District 5

8-6.4 Explain the effects of the Great Depression and
the lasting impact of the New Deal on people and
programs in South Carolina, including James F.
Byrnes and Mary McLeod Bethune, the Rural
Electrification Act, the general textile strike of 1934,
the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress
Administration, the Public Works Administration, the
Social Security Act, and the Santee Cooper Electricity
Project.
A. The Depression Begins
1. Causes of the Great Depression
a. Borrowing more $ than you can afford to repay
b . Factories/Farmers had produced more goods
than they could sell
c. Buying stocks on the margin
d. Laissez-faire attitude
2. Effects of the Depression in SC
a. The depression in SC actually began before
1929 when cotton prices dropped and the boll
weevil destroyed most of the cotton crop.
b. Farmers’ incomes dropped
c. Textile mills that were still open operated at a
loss
d. Railroads went bankrupt
e. Almost no new construction
f. 25% of people in SC were unemployed.
3. The Depression’s Effects on Society
a. People had to “make do”
b. Some people watched movies
c. Some listened to the radio
d. Some played board games like Monopoly
e. Some went to church
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
How did the Great Depression affect the nation?
The Great Depression was the longest and worst in
American history. By 1932, 14 million people were
out of work. More than 5,000 banks closed in three
years, and thousands of people lost their savings.
Many also lost their homes and farms. Breadlines
formed in the cities. Soup kitchens fed hungry
people. Americans in the 1920s sang: “O Lordy, How
the Money Rolls In!” During the depression one of
the popular songs was “Brother, Can You Spare a
Dime?”
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/money_01.html
Hungry Americans in Brooklyn,
New York, lined up to get food
rations during the Great
Depression.
Library of Congress
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
IN SOUTH CAROLINA
How did the Great
Depression affect South
Carolina?
SC had been in a
depression many years
before the crash. After
the stock market crash,
conditions continued to
deteriorate in SC. More
banks failed and some
textile mills closed their
doors. More farmers lost
their land to foreclosure
and a railroad went
bankrupt. A quarter of
the people
One of many farms up for sale!
in South Carolina were unemployed and people had no money to
spend in their local stores. Marriage and birth rates dropped
dramatically as people postponed starting families because
they could not afford them. Young men wandered from town
to town or rode the rails searching for work or a handout.
Charitable organizations, such as churches and community
groups, could not keep up with the need for food, clothing, and
shelter. People looked to the government for help.
A New President and A
New Deal
On November 8,
1932, Franklin
Delano Roosevelt was
elected president.
“The only thing we
have to fear is fear
itself.” FDR, as he
was called, promised
a “New Deal” for the
American people.
Relief
Recovery
Reform
Referred to as “alphabet soup” because
The New Deal
of the abbreviations
used.
Name of New
Deal Program
Summary/
Description
Picture/Symbol
------------------------------------------------------
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) put
unemployed young men to work in the nation’s
parks. They lived in army camps and sent most of
their pay home to help their struggling families and
pump money into the economy. Young men worked
on soil conservation projects, planted millions of
trees on public lands, and fought forest fires. CCC
workers also blazed trails in many state and
national parks. More than 50,000 South
Carolinians were employed in reforestation and soil
conservation projects. They built state parks at
Hunting Island, Paris Mountain, Poinsett, and
Myrtle Beach.
The stone-and-timber
construction of the bath house at
Paris Mountain State Park is
typical of the building done by the
CCC.
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/water_
12.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChbQI-k5-QQ
Civilian
Conservation
Corps (CCC)
Employed young
men, started a state
wide park system,
fought soil erosion
and planted trees.
PWA
------------------------------------------------------
WPA
(“We Produce
Art”)
REA
Santee Cooper
Social Security
Act
Two of the programs that put many people to work
were the Public Works Administration (PWA) and
the Works Progress Administration (WPA). People
employed by these two New Deal agencies
constructed schools, roads, and bridges throughout
the country.
In 1940, the PWA
built the McKissick Library
on the campus of the
University of South Carolina.
Today, the library is a museum.
Jobs for Artists and Writers
The WPA also employed artists and
writers. They produced murals, plays,
and recorded interviews with former
slaves that preserved the historical
record of black South Carolinians.
Large areas of the state had no electric power. The Rural
Electrification Act (REA) brought power to rural areas. In
1924, only about 1,000 South Carolina farmers had electricity.
The REA loaned over $300 million to farmers' cooperatives
across the country and citizens were able to work together to
provide electricity to less populated areas where commercial
power companies were unwilling to string power lines. By 1940,
25% of farms had electricity. Electric water pumps, lights,
milking machines, fences, and appliances made farm life much
easier and more
profitable.
Building the REA Lines
Construction began on the Santee Cooper electric facility
during Roosevelt's presidency. This project built dams on the
Santee and Cooper Rivers, and created two large lakes, Marion
and Moultrie. These hydroelectric dams produced power to
region, provided jobs to those who built the dams and to
others in industries made possible by the power the project
provided and improved living conditions for many South
Carolinians. This huge federally funded project (largest New
Deal project in SC) was similar to another New Deal program,
the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). At its peak, it employed
nearly 15,000 workers. Today Santee Cooper produces
electricity for many areas of South Carolina. This was
promoted by New Deal supporter James F. Byrnes (SC
Senator.)
Social Security Act
Many New Deal programs continue today. The Social
Security Act, which was created in 1935, is still in effect. It
was designed as a reform of the system that would prevent
future depressions and provide protection for the elderly,
the orphaned, the disabled and the unemployed. Social
Security provides money to people over the age of 65. This
was especially important to SC because it was one of only a
few states that did not offer such an insurance program.
The cost was shared by workers and their employers. The
poverty rate for the elderly declined significantly as a result
of SS. The Social Security System has had a profound
impact on Americans of all ages.
Although the New Deal had a lasting
impact on the United States and on South
Carolina, it did not end the Great
Depression. The depression ended when
the United States became involved in
helping the Allies fight Hitler’s Germany in
World War II.
New Deal in
Three Minutes
1.List three programs that were a
part of the New Deal and explain
their impact on South Carolina.
2.What was the purpose of the
Social Security Act, and why was it
important to South Carolina?
3.What was the largest New Deal
project in South Carolina, and what
did it accomplish?
4.If you lived in South Carolina
during the Great Depression, what
New Deal project would you want to
be a part of? Why?
New Deal Program
Impact on South Carolina
1. Civilian Conservation
Corps (CCC)
1. Employed young ___ to plant
____ and build state ____.
2. Social Security Act
(SSA)
2. Gave _____ and disabled
workers money.
5. Rural Electrification
Act (REA)
6. Santee Cooper
Electrical Facility
5. Brought ____ to rural
areas; made life easier for
farmers (____ machines,
electric fences, lights, etc.)
6. The Santee and Cooper Rivers
were dammed to provide _____
for the ____ part of the state.
It provided ____ to those who
built it and is similar to the ___.
Roosevelt sought advice from South Carolinians, most notably
James F. Byrnes and Mary McLeod Bethune. Byrnes was
elected to the US Senate in 1930 where he helped Roosevelt
pass the New Deal through Congress and served as an important
domestic policy adviser. He became one of Roosevelt’s main
followers and advisors – even earning the nickname “Assistant
President.” Byrnes was SC’s senator until 1941 when he
accepted an appointment to the Supreme Court. He later served
as head of the Office of War Mobilization, Secretary of State, and
Governor of SC. Mary McLeod Bethune was an African American
educator and civil rights leader who founded a college. As
Bethune’s school grew, she became increasingly involved in
efforts to improve life for African Americans. Roosevelt relied on
her to be a spokesperson both to and for African Americans when
it came to his New Deal programs.
TEXTILES: RECOVERY AND VIOLENCE
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) aided the textile
industry. Mills cut the work week from fifty-five hours to forty
hours. They began to run two eight-hour shifts. The minimum
wage was set at thirty cents an hour. Child labor under sixteen
ended, and the right of workers to form unions was recognized. A
number of textile workers joined the United Textile Workers
(UTW). In the summer of 1934 many mills began to cut
production. On September 4, the textile workers’ union called a
strike in protest. It was called the General Textile Strike. Nonunion
workers kept many mills open, so union members tried to close
them. On U.S. Route 29 across the Piedmont, caravans of
automobiles, loaded with union members, drove to mills that were
still open. To stop these “flying squadrons,” as the caravans were
called, Governor Blackwood called out the National Guard.
Machine guns were mounted on the roofs of many mills. Violence
broke out at Chiquola Mill in Honea Path. Guards fired into the
crowd gathered outside the mill. Six strikers died, and fifteen were
wounded. Ten thousand people went to the funerals. The violence
frightened mill owners and workers alike. After 1934 union
membership in the state fell quickly.
http://www.beachamjournal.com/journal/2009/09/chiquola-millshootings-the-75th-anniversary.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_Sl9OTtUkU
The Rise of Dictators
As in the United States, most of the world had been stuck in
an economic depression for years. People in some countries
had lost confidence in their governments. They turned to
new leaders who promised to make their troubles disappear.
Some people were so desperate for change, they were even
willing to sacrifice their freedom. This led to the rise of a
dictator (a ruler with absolute power) in several countries.
In Japan, a
small group
Benito Mussolini
of military
took power in Italy
leaders came
in the early 1920's.
to power and
planned to
use military
force to
build a
massive
empire in
East Asia.
Hitler believed that the
Germans were a superior
race. Hitler set out to
conquer Europe and to
cleanse it of what he
called inferior people –
especially Jewish people.
The United States
fleet in the Pacific
was attacked by
Japan on December
7, 1941.
Library of Congress
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TX4sTBJ0tvA
http://www.history.com/interactives/inside-wwii-interactive
Read the first two paragraphs on page 276.
8-6.5 Compare the ramifications of World War II on South Carolina
and the United States as a whole, including the training of the Doolittle
Raiders and the Tuskegee Airmen, the building of additional military
bases, the rationing and bond drives, and the return of economic
prosperity.
Summarize and Illustrate the following
headings:
An Economic
Boom for
South
Carolina-pg.
431
The
Tuskegee
Airmen
The Doolittle
Raiders
Women
During WW2
Doolittle’s
Raiders
Immediately after the
attack on Pearl Harbor,
Americans wanted
revenge. The people
got that revenge five
months later, in an
aerial attack on Tokyo,
Yokohama, and other Japanese cities. Jimmy
Doolittle, a World War I veteran and pilot,
assembled a crew of 80 pilots, two of them from
South Carolina, at the Columbia Army Air Base to
train for and plan the mission. They planned to
use 16 B-25 bombers to carry out the raid, and
would take off from the deck of an aircraft
carrier, something that had never been done
before (p. 278).
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/james-h-doolittle/videos/battle-360-the-doolittleraid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF_3pMEZ8Nc
Commanded by white
officers, the Tuskegee
airmen supported the
allied invasion of Italy.
They were assigned to
escort heavy bombers on
raids against strategic
enemy targets. Several of
the Tuskegee airmen
earned the Distinguished
Flying Cross and the
airmen proved that
African American pilots
could shoot down enemy
aircraft as well as or
better than white air crews. The Tuskegee Airmen and the bravery and
sacrifice of other African American members of the military opened the
doorway for other African Americans to serve in the military and for the
desegregation of the military in the postwar period.
Red Tails
Military Camps
Military camps that had been established during
World War I in South Carolina reopened to serve as
training bases for the thousands of young men
drafted into the armed services. Camp Jackson in
Columbia became Fort Jackson. The Charleston
Navy yards increased production of destroyers (p.
277)
The Rationing and Bond Drives
Just as occurred throughout the
United States, South Carolinians
collected scrap metal for the war
effort. They used ration books to get
their share of the short supply of
food and fuel and they bought war
bonds to fund the war effort (p. 281).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwx-fcm5PyA
The Return of Economic Prosperity
War mobilization meant more jobs at home
and the wartime population of South
Carolina cities grew with a resulting impact
on area businesses. Farmers were
shorthanded causing women and children to
work in the fields to bring in bumper crops.
When the war was over, they had savings
which they used to buy automobiles and
other goods that were not available during
the war. When V-E Day and V-J Day finally
arrived, South Carolina and the United
States were poised to enter a period of
prosperity (p. 277).