Transcript Gilded Age - davis.k12.ut.us

Out of Many
A History of the American People
Seventh Edition Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
19
Production and
Consumption in the
Gilded Age
1865-1900
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Brief Sixth Edition
John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Rise of Industry
The Triumph of Business
The Bowery at Night
Gilded Age > Who coined the term?
Gilded Age > Mark Twain
Gilded Age means covered with gold on the outside but worn down and corrupt
underneath
USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
Ranching, Mining, Farming
Industrialization
Reconstruction &
Rise of Jim Crow
USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The South:
After the failure of Reconstruction in
1877, the South entered the Jim Crow
era (state and local laws enforcing racial
segregation in the South)
Sharecropping & Segregation
USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The West:
Farmers,
ranchers, &
miners
closed the
last of the
frontier at
the expense
of Indians
Mining was
the 1st
attraction to
the West;
Miners
created
“instant
towns” in
areas where
gold or silver
was
discovered
Irish workers made up a large percentage
of laborers on the eastern section
Chinese workers made up a
large percentage of laborers
on the western leg
1st transcontinental railroad connected the west
coast to eastern cities in 1869
Railroads > A. J. Russell, “Chinese at Laying Last Rail UPRR,” stereoview
Populists
• Populists were westerners who wanted
 “Free silver”
(Bi-metalism)
 Regulation of
railroads
 Direction election
of senators
 Led by William
Jennigns Bryan
Howe Do Farmer’s utilize machines?
TABLE 18.1 Machine Labor on the Farm, ca.
1880
“Thirty-three horse team harvester”
After news of the discovery of gold in the Klondike reached the United States in July
1897, tens of thousands of “stampeders,” hoping to strike it rich, rushed to the Yukon
Territory. However, similar to the Californians, most came home broke
“Stampeders,”
~The federal government created national
parks in 1872, naming Yellowstone the first.
Albert Bierstadt became one of the first artists to
capture on enormous canvases the legendary
vastness and rugged terrain of western mountains
and wilderness
•$590.00
•11,000,000,000
USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The North:
Experienced an industrial revolution,
mass immigration, & urbanization
America became the world’s leader in railroad,
steel, & oil production
CREATIVE DESTRUCTION
MAP 19.1 Patterns of Industry, 1900
“Big Business”
• Monopolies (trusts): Companies that
controlled the majority of one industry:
 Rockefeller’s
Standard
Oil
 Carnegie’s
U.S. Steel
 Vanderbilt’s
railroads
John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie
Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?
Corporations > John D. Rockefeller, Portrait by John Singer Sargent, 1917
Corporations > John D. Rockefeller Founds a Day Nursery for Children of
Working Italian Women, 1895
Steel manufacturing at Andrew Carnegie’s plant in 1886
Private v. Public
The Rise of Corruption in America
“New Immigration” & Urbanization
Population of Foreign Birth by Region, 1880
TABLE 19.1 A Growing Urban Population
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law and was one of the
most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all
immigration of Chinese laborers.
http://www.history.com/topics/ellis-island/videos/deconstructing-history-ellis-island
Life in the Streets
• Many working-class people felt
disenchanted amid the alien and
commercial society.
• they established close-knit ethnic
communities.
 Chinese, Mexicans, African Americans were
prevented from living outside of certain
ghettos.
 European ethnic groups chose to live in
closely knit communities.
Working & Living Conditions
http://www.eastconn.org/tah/1011KD1_PhotoAnalysis.pdf
Strikes > “The Great Fire at Chicago,” Lithograph, 1871
Strikes > “Driving the Rioters from Turner Hall,” Harper’s Weekly, August 18,
1877
Strikes > “The Haymarket Riot,” Harper’s Weekly, May 15, 1886
Strikes > “The Haymarket Martyrs,” Anarchy and Anarchists, 1889
Strikes > The Pullman Strike, 1893-1894
Coxey’s Army
Social Darwinism > Herbert Spencer
Social Darwinism > Andrew Carnegie
Social Darwinism > Skull Types
Victorian Culture > 1885
Victorian Culture > Separate Spheres (Men and Women have different roles)
Victorian Culture > The Cult of Domesticity – Women have a
duty to raise proper children and support their husbands
Conspicuous Display of Wealth, Millionaire’s Row v. The Slums
Carnegie Mansion
Vanderbilt Chateau
New York “Slums”
“Conspicuous Consumption”
• The upper classes created a style of
“conspicuous consumption“ in order to
display their wealth to the world around
them.
 Galleries and symphonies
 Vast mansions and new elite sports
 Great open windows in mansions and
wealthy hotels
 Women adorned with jewels and furs
The City and the Environment
• Pollution continued to be an unsolved
problem.
• Overcrowding and inadequate sanitation
bred a variety of diseases.
The intersection of Orchard and Hester Streets on
New York’s Lower East Side
The Currency Debate
The Rise and Fall of the
Populist Party
1867-1896
Farmers’ Problems:
• Lower prices for crops
• Farmers had no cash . . .went further into
debt. . . foreclosed on mortgages
• Railroads charged outrageous prices to
ship crops (no regulation!)
Different Groups Representing
Farmers’ Interests
• 1867: The Patrons of Husbandry (The
Grange)
• 1880s: Farmers’ Alliance and Colored
Farmers’ National Alliance
• 1892: Birth of the Populist, or People’s
Party
1892 Presidential Election: Populist Candidate
won over a million votes!
1896 Election
• Populists decide to improve their chances by
supporting a Democratic candidate: William Jennings
Bryan, who agreed to support the Silver-backed
dollar.
Democrats-1890s
Republicans-1890s
 Southerners
 Northerners
 Wealthy farmers
 Wealthy business
men (connected to
the railroad)
 Low tariff (want other
countries to buy their
crops)
 Southern African
Americans (poor
farmers)
 High tariff (donХtwant
to compete with other
countriesХproducts)
1896 Presidential Election: Bryan loses but
carries most of the South and West
The Annexation of Hawai’i
• American sugar planters and missionaries
threatened 19th century Hawai’ian
autonomy.
• When Lili'uokalani became queen in
1891she resisted American influence.
• On January 17, 1893, the queen was
deposed by an American diplomat.
Destruction of the battleship Maine in Havana
harbor, 1898.
Queen Lili’uokalani
In 1888, Grover Cleveland, with his running
mate, Allen G. Thurman, led a spirited campaign
for reelection to the presidency.
Toward a National Governing Class
• A growing economy and the legacy of Civil
War and Reconstruction put the federal
government on an irreversible path to
greater size and power.
• Many Americans looked to government to
serve their demands.
• Business leaders saw stronger
government as essential to protect
property rights.
The Spoils System and Civil Service
Reform
• Garfield’s 1881 assassination
 Killed by disgruntled job seeker
 highlighted spoils system
• 1883: Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
 civil service system / professional
bureaucracy
 Standards developed for certain federal jobs
 Also professionalism in other fields
 Circuit Court of Appeals Act of 1891
Women Build Alliances (cont'd)
• The greatest female leader was Frances
E. Willard, who:
 was president of the Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
 mobilized 200,000 paid members in the
largest organization of women in the world by
1900
 Shifted focus after 1890 to the women’s
suffrage issue
Financial Collapse and Depression
• In 1893, the collapse of the nation’s major
rail lines precipitated a major depression.
• Full recovery was not achieved until the
early 1900s.
 Unemployment soared and many suffered
great hardships.
 Tens of thousands took to the road in search
of work or food.
The Social Gospel
• Washington Gladden—called for churches
to fight against social injustice
• Charles M. Sheldon—“What would Jesus
do?”
• Catholic Church—endorsed the right of
workers to form trade unions
 Immigrant Catholic groups urged priests to
ally with the labor movement.
Nativism and Jim Crow
• Neither McKinley nor Bryan addressed the
increased racism and Nativism throughout
the nation.
• Nativists blamed foreign workers for hard
times and considered them unfit for
democracy.
Nativism and Jim Crow (cont’d)
• Between 1882 and 1900 lynchings
exceeded a hundred each year.
 They were announced in newspapers and
became public spectacles.
 Railroads offered special excursion prices to
people traveling to attend lynchings.
• Ida B. Wells—anti-lynching crusade
• Reformers—accepted segregation and
disenfranchisement.
The White Man’s Burden
• What did the readers of McClure’s
magazine understand as “the white man’s
burden”? How did this responsibility relate
to the belief in a hierarchy of races and
civilizations expressed in Kipling’s poem?
MAP 20.3 The American Domain, ca. 1900
A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba
• Southerners coveted Cuba and pushed for
annexation.
• A movement to gain independence from
Spain began in the 1860s.
• Americans sympathized with Cuban
revolutionaries.
 Spanish harsh taxes
 grisly horror stories of Spanish treatment of
revolutionaries.
A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba
(cont'd)
• McKinley had held off intervention, but
public clamor grew following an explosion
on the USS Maine.
A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba
(cont’d)
• The United States smashed Spanish
power in what John Hay called “a splendid
little war.”
• Theodore Roosevelt, war hero