Transcript Constitutional Era Washington & Adams

Constitutional Era
Washington & Adams
Federalist Era
SOL: VUS. 6A
Created by: Dan Bledsoe 9/2004
George Washington
“The
Precedent
President”
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Washington
1st to take office
1st to create a cabinet
1st to amend the Constitution
1st to enforce laws
1st to create treaties
1st to say goodbye
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Washington chooses
experts to advise him: Cabinet
Position
Secretary of State
Person
Thomas Jefferson
Treasury Secretary
Alexander Hamilton
Attorney General
Edmund Randolph
Secretary of War
Henry Knox
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Judiciary Act 1789
Created the
national court
system
Including the
Supreme Court
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Bill of Rights
1- 9: Guaranteed
the rights of ___?
Individuals
10th :
Reserved
powers of the
____?
States
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Financial Debate
Alexander Hamilton’s Plan
1) National government to
take on & repay debt of
states & Confederation
2) Create a national bank
3) Create Taxes to pay off debt
& protect industry
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Tariff Act of 1789
the act remains significant for setting the
basics of U.S. trade policy. In supporting its
enactment, Alexander Hamilton argued that
tariffs would encourage domestic industry.
Other nations offered their industries
significant subsidies, or money given by a
government to support a private business.
Hamilton contended that a tariff would
protect U.S. industry from the effects of
these subsidies.(www.enotes.com/tariff1789)
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Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan
Who gets paid?
Original Bond Holders
Speculators
Is the National Bank legal?
No: Not in the Constitution
Yes:
Implied Power
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Implied Power
Constitution: Congress must
do whatever is “necessary &
proper” to do its job
Called the “Elastic Clause”
Stretches the Constitution
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Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan
Plan hurts farmers
- Protective Tariffs
- Excise Taxes an indirect tax
- Assumption of state debt
hurts South more than North
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Whiskey Rebellion - 1791
Pennsylvania Farmers
- Upset over tax on whiskey
- Attack federal courthouses
and tax collectors
- Washington calls out the
army to crush the rebellion
Federal government flexes its
muscles (Insures Domestic
Tranquility)
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Political Parties Develop
Parties
Federalists
Leaders
Hamilton
Manufacturing
Economy
Interpret
Constitution
Section
Support
Govt
Bank
Loose
Northeast
Strong Central govt
Support BUS
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DemocraticRepublicans
Jefferson
Agriculture
Strict
South
State Govt
No BUS
Washington’s Foreign Policy
America adopts a
policy of
NEUTRALITY
during
European wars
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Treaties
To avoid war with Great Britain
Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay
to London to negotiate.
In the Jay Treaty the British gave up
their forts in America, but kept their
restrictions on U.S. shipping and
required Americans to repay prewar
debts to Britain
The Jay Treaty avoided war.
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Treaties
The U.S. also signed a treaty with Spain
The Pinckney Treaty allowed Americans free
shipping on the Mississippi and access to New
Orleans.
The removal of the forts and secure access to New
Orleans allowed westward movement by settlers.
By selling land to these settlers, the federal
government gained revenue to help pay off the
national debt.
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Goodbye
Washington’s Farewell:
Advice:
Avoid creation of:
Political Parties
Foreign Alliances
Sectionalism
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What do I have to know
Identify: Tariff of 1789, Hamilton’s Plan,
Bank of the United States, Whiskey
Rebellion
Explain the purpose of Hamilton’s plan
and why people opposed it.
What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?
What political parties developed during
this time and what were their
characteristics.
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New President:
Problems:
Quasi-War:
Undeclared War
Cause:
XYZ Affair
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XYZ Affair
The Jay Treaty had offended the French
as a betrayal.
To show their irritation, the French
began seizing American merchant ships.
Adams sent envoys to negotiate peace.
Three French officials demanded
humiliating terms including $250,000 in
bribes.
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XYZ Affair
Adams told the papers but called the
French officials, XYZ. This upset the
public and allowed Adams to expand the
army and authorized a small navy.
This war fever was exploited by the
Federalists and they passed the Alien and
Sedition Acts of 1798.
Immigrants who criticized the federal
government could be arrested and
deported.
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War between the Political Parties
Alien & Sedition Act
Why Aliens?
Favored DemocraticRepublicans
Sedition Act violated:
Freedom of Speech
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Republican Response:
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions:
States can
declare laws
unconstitutional
NULLIFICATION
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Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson
v.
John Adams
Democratic-Republican v.
Federalist
“Revolution of 1800”
Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another
ELECTION OF 1800
ELECTORAL COLLEGE
ELECTORAL VOTES
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Votes
73
73
65
64
1
Election of 1800
Aaron Burr
• Meant to be Jefferson Vice-President
• Election is a tie
• Election decided by the House of
Reps.
• Jefferson wins
Result
• 12th Amendment
• Electoral College has TWO votes
• One vote for President
• One vote for Vice President
Impact of the election of 1800:
Peaceful
transfer of
power between
political
parties
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Thomas Jefferson
Born: April 13, 1743- July 4,
1826
Years in office: 1801- 1809
Number of President: 3rd
Political Party: DemocraticRepublicans
Vice President(S): Aaron
Burr/George Clinton
Significant positions held:
Secretary of State, Vice
President, and Governor of
Virginia.
Wrote Declaration of
Independence
Jeffersonian Democracy
Political Party: Democratic Republican
Constitutional Interpretation: Strict
Pro - Farmer
States Rights
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Government Philosophy
Laissez – Faire: Leave it alone
Goal: Smaller Government
Reduce Debt
Eliminate Whiskey Tax
Reduce Army Size
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Judicial Controversy
+
What were they?
Judges put in place
by John Adams
before he left the
Presidency
How did T.J.
deal with them?
Unsuccessfully
tried to impeach
them
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Marbury vs Madison
Case: “Midnight Judge” sues for his job
John Marshall
Chief Justice of
Supreme Court
What was the big deal?
Established the
precedent of “judicial
review”
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Judicial Review
Empowers the Supreme Court to decide if
a law is constitutional or unconstitutional
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Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Supreme Court Case
Chief Justice John
Marshall (Federalist)
Established Judicial
Review
– Power of the Supreme
Court to declare laws
unconstitutional
JUDICIAL REVIEW COMES
FROM THIS COURT CASE.
IT IS NOT FOUND IN THE
CONSTITUTION
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Louisiana Purchase
United States offered $ 10 million
to France for New Orleans
French Response:
France offered the entire
Louisiana Territory for $15
million dollars
Why?
Napoleon needed money for
his war in Europe
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Jefferson’s Dilemma
Does the
Constitution grant
the President the
power to purchase
Land?
Constitution Does
not say anything
Jefferson’s Dilemma
DemocraticRepublican
Believed in a weak
central government
believed in strict
construction of the
Constitution (the
President only had
the powers listed in
the Constitution)
Loose vs. Strict Construction
Loose Construction- gov’t can make laws
not written in the Constitution.
= Increased Power
Strict Construction- gov’t can only do
what is written in the Constitution
= Decreased Power
Jefferson’s Conflict:
Farm land
VS Constitutional Power
Decision: Accepts a “loose” interpretation of
the Constitution to make the land
purchase
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The new United States border shifts from
the Mississippi River to the:
Rocky Mountains
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Louisiana Purchase
Doubled the size of the US
They gain control of the Mississippi
River and Port at New Orleans which is
important for trade
The price was only 5 million more than
they had asked for New Orleans alone
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Lewis & Clark
Leaders of the fact finding expedition of
the new territory
Sacagawea:
Indian princess who
serves as a guide to the
explorers
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International Problems
VS
Impressment:
Forced service of U.S.
Sailors into the British
Navy
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Jefferson’s Response
British attacks angered America:
T.J.’s Response: Embargo Act of 1807
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Embargo Act
Problem:
France and Britain seizing
U.S. ships.
Impressment of sailors
Response:
No trade with foreign
countries
Reasons for the success or failure of Jefferson's
response:
Failure.
American farmers and merchants lose money.
Economy goes into recession. Does avoid war
What do I have to know?
What were T.J.’s belief on the size of
government? How did he go about
achieving his results?
Who were the “midnight judges”? How
did Jefferson attempt to deal with them?
Explain the significance of Marbury vs
Madison. What precedent did it set?
Who was the Chief Justice who presided
over the event.
Created by: Dan Bledsoe 9/2004
Jefferson’s Presidency
What caused Napoleon to sell the Louisiana
Territory to the United States?
What issues did T.J. have with the sale?
What was the significance of the deal?
Who were Lewis, Clark, and Sacagawea?
What problems did American sailors have
with Europe during this time?
How did T.J. attempt to deal with this issue?
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4th President of
the United
States
“Little Man
with Big Brain”
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Major Issues
1808-1812
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Causes Of the War of 1812
Impressment of American Sailors
Indian raids in the North West
America’s treatment of loyalist after the
Revolutionary War
British retaining their forts in North America
after the Revolutionary War
Desire for Canada
Impressment of U.S. Sailors
Great Britain would kidnap our sailors
The main cause of the War of 1812
Impressment of U.S. Sailors
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Indian Raids in the North
West
Several Indian tribes were unified in a
war against the United States.
The Indians would raid small country
towns and then retreat to the British
forts where we couldn’t kill them.
Added to our resentment for the British
retaining their forts
Treatment of Loyalist
The 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that
we would return loyalist property
The U.S. government refused to return
seized loyalist property
Made British angry
British Forts in the United
States
The 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that all
British holdings would be forfeited to the
United States Government.
– It wasn’t and the British held on to their forts.
Indians launched attacks from the British Forts
We wanted to control all of our land
Want of Canadian Land
This was a minor cause of the War of
1812
Some Americas wanted more room to
expand into. Mainly for farming and
agriculture
Battle of Tippecanoe
Indian Chief:
Tecumseh
U.S. Leader:
William Henry
Harrison
Fight over American movement into
the frontier
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Indians flee to
Canada
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Attempts to avoid war
Jay Treaty 1795- Washington sent Supreme
Court Justice John Jay to negotiate a truce
and stop Impressment
Treaty of Greenville 1795- Set up boundaries
between the U.S. and Indian land.
Monroe-Pinkney Treaty 1806- A treaty that
tried to stabilize relations between the U.S.
and Great Britain but was never ratified by
Congress.
War Hawks
American Politicians
who wanted to go to war
Henry Clay- Speaker of
the House
John C. Calhoun
James Madison ran on a
pro war campaign
Dolly Madison
The British soldiers
burn Washington
D.C. including the
White House
Not a historically
accurate Picture
Dolly Madison saved
a picture of George
Washington when the
White House was set
on fire.
Burning of Washington DC
British destroy
American capitol
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Ft. McHenry
Battle of Fort McHenry,1814
Oh Say Can You See
By the Dawn’s Early Light…
-- Francis Scott Key
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Francis Scott Key
Was on board a
British ship during a
bombardment on Fort
McHenry
Was inspired by the
American resolve and
wrote the words to
the Star Spangled
Banner
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814
“Not an inch gained, nor an inch lost”
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Battle of New Orleans
January 8, 1815
Fought after the
peace treaty
signed
Made a hero out of
Andrew Jackson
Let him wave the
“bloody shirt” in
his presidential
elections
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Battle of New Orleans
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Effects of the War of 1812
Created by: Dan Bledsoe 9/2004
Effects of the War of 1812
Nationalism increased
Proved our independence
– Second War for Independence
Federalist Party was Destroyed
North East manufacturing was able to
grow
What do I have to know?
What were the causes of the war of 1812?
Explain the importance of the Battle of Fort
McHenry to American tradition?
What made the Battle of New Orleans so
unique?
Who emerged from War of 1812 as our
greatest military hero?
What was the Treaty of Ghent?
What was the biggest, most lasting impact of
the War of 1812?
Created by: Dan Bledsoe 9/2004