Transcript 3 - Cloudfront.net

Section
3
Objectives
• Describe the causes and results of the arms race
between the United States and Soviet Union.
• Explain how Eisenhower’s response to communism
differed from that of Truman.
• Analyze worldwide Cold War conflicts that erupted
in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and other
places.
• Discuss the effects of Soviet efforts in space
exploration.
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Terms and People
• arms race − race in which countries compete to
build more powerful weapons
• mutually assured destruction − policy in
which the U.S. and Soviet Union hoped to deter
nuclear war by building up enough weapons to
destroy each other
• John Foster Dulles − diplomat and secretary of
state under President Eisenhower
• massive retaliation − policy of threatening to
use massive force in response to aggression
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Terms and People
(continued)
• brinkmanship – belief that only by going to the
brink of war could the U.S. prevent war
• Nikita Khrushchev − leader of the Soviet Union
after Stalin’s death
• nationalize − to place under government control
• Suez crisis − crisis in which Britain and France
attempted to seize control of the Suez canal from
Egypt
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Terms and People
(continued)
• Eisenhower Doctrine − President Eisenhower’s
policy that stated the U.S. would use force to
help nations threatened by communism
• CIA − Central Intelligence Agency; American
intelligence-gathering organization
• NASA − National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; American organization that
coordinates the space-related efforts of
scientists and the military
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What methods did the United States
use in its global struggle against the
Soviet Union?
By 1950, the United States and the Soviet
Union were world superpowers.
Tensions ran high as each stockpiled
weapons and struggled for influence around
the globe.
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On September 2, 1949,
the balance of power
between the U.S. and the
Soviet Union changed
forever.
That day, the Soviet
Union tested an atomic
bomb.
The threat of nuclear war
suddenly became very
real.
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In response, Truman ordered scientists to produce
a hydrogen bomb—a bomb 1,000 times more
powerful than the atomic bomb.
In 1952,
the U.S.
tested the
first
H-bomb.
The next
year, the
Soviets
tested their
own H-bomb.
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The arms
race had
begun.
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Once elected, Eisenhower quickly ended the Korean
War after hinting at possible use of nuclear weapons.
But Cold War tensions increased. In 1952, the United
States exploded the first hydrogen bomb, which was
far more destructive than the atom bomb. The next
year, the Soviets had the hydrogen bomb, too, and
both powers built long-range bombers capable of
delivering nuclear weapons across the globe.
By the late 1950s intercontinental missiles (ICBMs)
made it possible to launch missile strikes and reach
targets across the globe in less than one hour.
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Although Eisenhower was a professional
soldier who hated war, his secretary of
state, John Foster Dulles, seemed to relish
it. In 1954, Dulles updated U.S.
containment policy with his doctrine of
“massive retaliation.” This policy stated
that any Soviet attack on a U.S. ally would
be met with a nuclear assault on the Soviet
Union.
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This new focus on nuclear weapons let Eisenhower
reduce spending on conventional military forces.
During his presidency the size of the armed forces
dropped, while the number of nuclear weapons
increased dramatically to 18,000. Massive retaliation
seemed to risk that even a small conflict might rapidly
escalate into a nuclear war that would destroy the
United States and the Soviet Union.
Critics called it “brinksmanship,” but the reality that
war would result in “mutual assured destruction”
(MAD)made the United States and USSR more
cautious.
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(MAD) also spread fear of an imminent
nuclear war. Government appeals to
build bomb shelters in back yards, and
school drills where students hid under
their desks, were meant to convince
Americans that they could survive a
nuclear war. But these only increased
widespread fear.
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In time, the United States and the Soviet
Union would build enough nuclear weapons
to destroy each other many times over.
Both sides hoped that this program of
mutually assured destruction would
serve as a deterrent.
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For many, however, the existence of so many
weapons was a further threat to peace.
Nuclear Warhead Proliferation
Year
U.S.
USSR
Britain
France
China
1945
6
0
0
0
0
1950
369
5
0
0
0
1955
3,057
200
10
0
0
1960
20,434
1,605
30
0
0
1965
31,642
6,129
310
4
1
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Americans reacted
to the nuclear
threat by following
civil defense
guidelines.
Families built
bomb shelters
in backyards.
Students practiced
“duck and cover”
drills at school.
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President Eisenhower encouraged such
efforts, believing that if there was another
major war, it would be nuclear.
Unlike Truman,
Eisenhower was not
interested in fighting
communism by
building
conventional forces.
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Instead, he
focused on
stockpiling
nuclear
weapons.
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Joseph Stalin died in 1953.
After a brief power struggle, he was succeeded
by Nikita Khrushchev.
Cold War hostilities eased for a time,
with the new leader speaking of
“peaceful coexistence.”
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Though Eisenhower embraced Cold War rhetoric,
he believed the Korean War’s end and Stalin’s
death in 1953 signaled that the Soviets were
reasonable and could be reached through normal
diplomacy.
In 1955, he met with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev
in Switzerland.
The next year, Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s crimes at
a Moscow Communist Party Congress. These revelations
sparked a crisis of belief and confidence in communists
worldwide, including the United States, where most
remaining members of the Communist Party abandoned
it. That same year, Khrushchev called for “peaceful
coexistence” with the United States.
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But this “thaw” in the Cold War ended in 1956 when
Soviet troops suppressed an anti-communist revolt in
Hungary. While some Republicans called for liberating
Europe, Ike did not aid the Hungarian rebels; he did
not believe it was possible to “roll back” Soviet power
in Eastern Europe.
In 1958, the United States and USSR agreed to halt
nuclear weapons tests (this lasted until 1961). In 1959,
Khrushchev even toured the United States and met
with Eisenhower.
But in 1960, tensions returned when the Soviets shot
down a U.S. spy plane over Soviet territory.
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Yet hopes
for peace
faded
quickly.
• The Soviets
crushed protests
against communist
rule in Hungary in
1956.
• The Suez crisis
added to the
tensions.
As Americans watched events unfold, the threat of
massive retaliation suddenly seemed useless in the
fight against communism. Eisenhower refused to
intervene in Hungary. Ike, despite the rhetoric
continued containment.
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Nuclear weapons would not be used in the world’s
“hot spots.”
Global Cold War, 1946−1956
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Other methods, however, would be used to
help nations threatened by communism.
• Eisenhower sent troops to quell conflicts.
• He also approved secret CIA operations
to promote American interests abroad.
(ex. Iran, Guatemala)
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Even though the Cold War permanently
divided Europe into communist and
capitalist regions without war, it sparked
competition and military conflict in what
came to be called the “Third World. The
term was used to describe developing countries
aligned with neither the United States or the
USSR, which wanted to develop their economies
without central government planning or free
market capitalism.
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Containment policy soon created U.S. opposition
to any government, whether communist or not,
which appeared to threaten U.S. strategic or
economic interests. Although Jacabo Arbenz
Guzman in Guatemala and Mohammed
Mossadegh in Iran were elected as homegrown
nationalists and were not Soviet agents, their
determination to end foreign corporations’
domination of their economies provoked
American intervention.
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Arbenz enacted land reforms that threatened the
domination of the Guatemalan economy by the U.S.-owned
United Fruit Company. Mossadegh nationalized the AngloIranian Oil Company, whose refinery in Iran was Britain’s
largest overseas asset. Their enemies branded them as
communists, and in 1953 and 1954, the CIA orchestrated
coups against both governments, in violation of the UN
charter. The US gave its support to the Shah who became a
dictator. Our actions in Iran would later come back to haunt
us.
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Cold War Hot Spots
• Roots of US Involvement in Vietnam
In Vietnam in 1945, when the Japanese were
expelled, the French moved to crush a national
independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh and
reassert its colonial rule. Anti-communism pulled the
United States deeper into involvement in southeast
Asia. Following a policy set by Truman, Eisenhower
gave billions of dollars in aid for French efforts, and by
the early 1950s, the United States was paying for
four-fifths of the costs of France’s war in Vietnam.
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Vietnam
• Vietnam
But Eisenhower did not sent U.S. troops in
1954, when French forces were on the verge
of defeat. Rejecting National Security Council
advice to use nuclear weapons, Eisenhower
left France no choice but to concede
Vietnamese independence. A peace
conference in Geneva divided Vietnam
temporarily into northern and southern
districts, with elections in 1956 set to unify
the country.
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Vietnam War’s Roots
• Vietnam
But the anti-communist southern leader Ngo
Dinh Diem, at the suggestion of the United
States, refused to hold elections, which both
parties knew would result in communist
victory. Diem’s Catholicism and his ties to
landlords in a country of small famers and
Buddhists alienated him from many Vietnamese,
and only U.S. aid let his regime survive. By 1960,
Diem faced a guerrilla war launched by the
communist-led National Liberation Front.
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While the U.S. worked to contain communism on the
ground, they suffered a serious setback in space.
In 1957, the
Soviets
launched the
Sputnik I
satellite into
orbit around
the earth.
Fearing Soviet
dominance of
space, Congress
approved funding
to create NASA.
Federal funding
for education for
the first time in
math and
science.
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The arms
race was
now joined
by a space
race.
Section
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The Impact of Sputnik
• Sputnik opened the door for Democrats to criticize
Eisenhower. By 1960, the Democrats were hard at
capitalizing on a growing perception that America had
fallen behind, become complacent. John F. Kennedy
would benefit from this perception.
• Critics on both the left and the right spoke of a missilegap. (It did exist, but Eisenhower couldn’t say anything
or else expose US spying on the USSR.)
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Section
3
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
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