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Monday (2-2-2009) Get out a pencil James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson James Madison (1809-1817) Madison’s Election British continued to harass US trade and settlers in the west ◦ Continued to impress US sailors War Hawks War of 1812 British were impressing US sailors British was stopping US trade with France War Hawks wanted British lands ◦ Treaty of Ghent Ended war of 1812 ◦ Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson becomes a hero Was fought after the official end of the war ◦ Hartford Convention ◦ Henry Clay’s American System Terms JAMES MADISON WAR HAWKS War Hawks were people who advocated war with Great Britain. In addition to protecting trading rights and western settlements, these leaders hoped that war would produce land gains for the US in both British Canada and Spanish Florida. WAR OF 1812 Conflicts with Great Britain over trade rights left many in the US believing that war was the only way to protect American shipping rights. Settlers on the frontier also blamed the British for encouraging the Native Americans to resist westward expansion. While the British naval blockade of the U.S. coast was a success, the land warfare was a draw. The U.S. initially tried repeatedly to invade Upper Canada with no success; the British launched multiple invasions that were beaten back. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS Unaware that a the Treaty of Ghent has been signed ending the war, the Battle of New Orleans was actually fought after the war had technically ended. Andrew Jackson’s troops, though greatly outnumbered, defeated the British. The US forces suffered only 8 deaths with the British suffered over 700. The victory gave people in the US great pride and made Andrew Jackson a national hero. TREATY OF GHENT This treaty ended the war of 1812 without presenting any real gains for either side. It basically returned to each side the territory it had possessed before the beginning of hostilities and said nothing about the impressments of sailors or the rights of the “neutrals.” HENRY CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM was a mercantilist economic plan based on the ideas of Alexander Hamilton. consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. This program was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper, by providing a defense against the dumping of cheap foreign products, mainly at the time from the British Empire. Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System were the Erie Canal and the Cumberland Road. HARTFORD CONVENTION (1814) The war of 1812 proved to be a point of great contention between the Federalists and those who favored the war. Things got so heated, in fact, that the Federalists from New England held a convention in Hartford Connecticut. Although some of the delegates wanted to secede from the Union, the convention instead decided to send “ambassadors” to Washington. Unfortunately for the Federalists, their representatives arrived as news reached the capital about the US victory at New Orleans. The embarrassment about this ill timed protest ended the federalist party as a political entity. Questions What treaty ended the War of 1812? 1) Pickney’s Treaty 2) Jays Treaty 3) Treaty of Ghent 4) Adams-Onis Treaty “We must take up arms against the British! They do not respect the sovereignty of our ships at sea and they impress our seamen. They encourage the Indians to attack our settlements in the western territories. There is no answer but war!” The above statement would have most likely been make by which of the following? 1) a Federalist 2) a War Hawk 3) George Washington 4) John Jay Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812? 1) Certain U.S. leaders hoped to gain territory from the British. 2) the XYZ Affair 3) attacks by the Cherokee on U.S. settlers 4) demands for war by New England Federalists What was the purpose of the American System proposed by Henry Clay? 1) The purpose was to allow goods manufactured in the South to be sold in the North and West. 2) The purpose was to raise money for roads and railways to increase travel to the West. The purpose was to unite the nation economically, making the United States self sufficient in war and peace. The purpose was to facilitate the South to sell products and farm goods more easily in the North and West. Why did Henry Clay’s “American System” come under criticism in the South? 1) It promoted tariffs which the South saw as harmful to its own economy. 2) It advocated the abolition of slavery. 3) It did not give nearly enough authority to the federal government. 4) It was seen as upsetting the balance of power in the U.S. Sendate. James Monroe (1817-1825) Era of Good Feelings Adams-Onis Treaty U.S. is still a fragile nation in the world arena The U.S. attempts to claim part of the world as our own, “neighborhood.” Monroe Doctrine ◦ States that Europeans should not interfere with the Western Hemisphere Panic of 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland Missouri Compromise ◦ Abolitionist movement was beginning to grow ◦ There was an equal number of free and slave state in 1820 ◦ Missouri and Maine will enter at same time to keep balance ◦ Line is drawn at Missouri to determine future of slavery Terms JAMES MONROE ADAMS-ONIS TREATY In 1817, conflict arose between white settlers and Native Americans along the Georgia-Flordia frontier. The president ordered military leader Andrew Jackson to put an end to the fighting. Jackson used this excuse to invade Spanish Florida. The treaty was signed with Spain that gave all of Florida to the US, defined the western border of the Louisiana territory, ceded Spain’s claims to the Oregon Territory to the US, and surrendered US claims on Texas to the Spanish. MONROE DOCTRINE With the end of the War of 1812 and the Federalist Party, the United States entered a period of national pride and political unity known as the Era of Good Feelings. It was during this period that President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. It stated that the US world not tolerate European intervention in the affairs of any independent nation in the Americas. It also stated that the American continents were no longer open to colonization from European powers. Finally it promised that the United States would neither interfere in the internal affairs of other countries in the Americas. MISSOURI COMPROMISE The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. It was designed to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states in Washington, DC. PANIC OF 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It resulted in widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. This fundamental case established the following two principles: 1. 2. The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS The political bitterness declined because the Federalists had largely dissolved and were no longer attacking the president, then causing an era of good feeling because there was only one political party. The nation was politically united behind the Democratic-Republican Party. The Era of Good Feelings started after the War of 1812. Questions A major reason for the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) was to… 1) discourage United States trade with Latin America 2) defend the Panama Canal from Great Britain 3) prevent further European colonization in the Caribbean region 4) provide economic aid to Latin American nations What piece of legislation created the Mason Dixon line? 1) Compromise of 1850 2) Missouri Compromise 3) 3/5 Compromise 4) Kansas-Nebraska Act John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Election of 1824 ◦ No winner of electoral college ◦ Adams is chosen by the House of Representatives even though Andrew Jackson has more of the popular vote. ◦ This was called, “The Corrupt Bargain.” ◦ Jackson’s supporters formed Democratic Party and opposed all of Adam’s policies making it tough for Adams to accomplish anything. Gibbons v. Ogden Terms JOHN QUINCY ADAMS CORRUPT BARGAIN In the U.S. presidential election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure the required number of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which (to the surprise of many) elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. Some people believe that an agreement was made ahead of time between the two, denounced by the defeated Jackson (who won a plurality of the popular as well as the greatest number of electoral votes) as a "corrupt bargain." GIBBONS V. OGDEN was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. Questions The terms “corrupt bargain” and “Tariff of Abominations” are associated with the administration of which U.S. president? 1) Andrew Jackson 2) James K. Polk 3) John Quincy Adams 4) James Monroe Andrew Jackson (Jacksonian Era) Wins 1828 election over Adams ◦ Appealed to the “Common Man” ◦ First Western President ◦ Property Qualifications for suffrage (the right to vote) were dropped. Women, blacks, and Native Americans still could not vote. Spoils System Nullification Crisis ◦ Tariff of Abomination ◦ South Carolina Exposition and Protest ◦ S.C. threatens secession ◦ Jackson threatens the use of force ◦ Henry Clay organizes a compromise Indian Removal Act, 1830 Election of 1832 ◦ Pet Banks Terms ANDREW JACKSON SPOILS SYSTEM (also known as a patronage system) is an informal practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party. Jackson openly allowed his friends and supporters to occupy high positions in government. This system ultimately led to corruption and a call for reform in later administrations because people were being promoted not on their ability but on who they new or how much money they donated. TARIFF OF ABOMINATION was a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress. It was labeled the "Tariff of Abominations" by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum southern economy. The goal of the tariff was to protect industry in the northern United States from having to compete with European goods by increasing the prices of European products because imported goods were much cheaper than the ones that were made in the U.S. SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST also known as Calhoun's Exposition, was written in 1828 by John C. Calhoun, the Vice President of the United States under Andrew Jackson. The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede. Calhoun used the idea of nullification, started by the Virginia and Kentucky resolution, to say that a state had the right to ignore a federal law if the state thought the law went against the Constitution. COMPROMISE OF 1833 Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise that both sides could accept. Clay’s compromise ended the South Carolina nullification crisis, but the issues of states’ rights and secession remained alive until the end of the Civil War. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT, 1830 was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes". While Indian removal was, in theory, supposed to be voluntary, in practice great pressure was put on American Indian leaders to sign removal treaties. This act led to the Trail of Tears. ELECTION OF 1832 President Jackson had always opposed a national bank and had no plans to renew its charter when it expired in 1836. Knowing this, his political enemies convinced the bank to apply for renewal four year early, thus making the national ban the key issue of the election of 1832. Jackson successfully portrayed the bank as existing only to aid the rich and powerful. Jackson won the election he then ordered all government funds removed fro the national bank and put in selected state banks or “pet banks.” PET BANKS is a degrading term for state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833, when President Andrew Jackson "killed" the Second Bank of the United States. The term implied that the state banks were controlled by Jackson. By 1836 there were 23 "pet banks" or state banks with US Treasury funds. The term gained currency because most of the banks were chosen not because of monetary fitness but on the basis of the spoils system, which rewarded political allies of Andrew Jackson. Questions Which of the following would Senator John C. Calhoun have most easily agreed with? 1) Hamilton’s economic plan 2) Clay’s “American System” 3) The Wilmot Proviso 4) The Virginia and Kentucky REsolutions The South Carolina Nullification Crisis occurred when South Carolina appealed to which of the following to protest against tariffs imposed by the federal government? 1) The Embargo Act of 1807 2) The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 3) The Alien and Sedition Acts 4) The Bill of Rights What did Jackson use to reward people who supported him politically? 1) The spoils system 2) Pet Banks 3) Money 4) Fame Crossword Puzzle Complete the crossword puzzle in your packet. The chapters were you will find the answers to the questions are on the paper.