Transcript Section 1 - Cloudfront.net

Unit 5: The Growing Nation
1820-1860 pg. 330
 Why It Matters: As you
study Unit 5, you will learn
how growth, migration, and
conflict increased following
the Industrial Revolution.
Ch. 11: The Jackson Era
1824-1845 pg. 332
 Why It Matters: The
struggle for political rights
took shape in the 1820s
and 1830s, when many
people questioned the
limits of American
democracy.
 The Impact Today: In the
years since the Jackson
era:
 Women, African Americans,
and other minorities have
won the right to vote and to
participate in the political
process.
 Today every United States
citizen aged 18 or older,
regardless of gender, race, or
wealth, has the right to vote.
Section 1: Jacksonian Democracy pg.
334
 Main Idea: The United
States political system
changed under Andrew
Jackson.
 Key Terms:













Favorite Son
Majority
Plurality
Mudslinging
Landslide
Suffrage
Bureaucracy
Spoils System
Caucus
Nominating Convention
Tariff
Nullify
Secede
The Election of 1824
 John Quincy Adams was
elected president in 1824.
 William Crawford, Andrew
Jackson, and Henry Clay
were the other Republican
Party candidates.
 No candidate received a
majority of the electoral
votes, so the House of
Representatives selected
the president.
Dirty Deals
 Clay and Adams struck a deal.
 Clay agreed to use his influence as speaker of the
house to defeat Jackson, hoping to gain the
secretary of state post in return.
 Adams did name Clay as secretary of state.
 Andrew Jackson’s followers accused the two
men of making a corrupt bargain and stealing
the election.
Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams
Adams Presidency
 His policies ran against
popular opinion.
 He wanted a stronger navy,
scientific expeditions
supported by gov’t funds, and
direct federal involvement in
economic growth.
 Congress turned down many
of his proposals.
 Some members of Congress
wanted a more limited role
for the federal government.
The Election of 1828
 The election was a vicious campaign between Jackson
and Adams.
 The party divided into two:
 The Democratic-Republicans nominated Jackson
 Democratic Republicans favored states’ rights.
 The National Republicans nominated Adams.
 Supported strengthening of national government
Election of 1828
 New elements were
introduced in the 1828
election, and many
became a permanent part
of election campaigns.
 1. Mudslinging, or
attempts to ruin the
opponent with insults
 2. Election slogans, rallies,
buttons, and campaign
events.
"Mrs. Jackson once found her husband in
tears pointing to a paragraph reflecting on
his mother and said, 'Myself I can defend;
you I can defend; but now they have
assailed even the memory of my mother."
VICTORY FOR OLD HICKORY!!!!
 Jackson won the election in
a landslide.
 He received the most
votes of the new frontier
states and many votes in
the South.
 John C. Calhoun of South
Carolina, who had served
as Adam’s vice president,
switched parties to run
with Jackson.
Jackson as President
Jackson was an American
success story.
He went from being a
member of a poor farm family
to being a war hero to
becoming president of the
U.S.
He is………….
“Most Interesting Man in the
World!”
“Democracy for everyone…Well
kinda!”
 Democracy broadened under Jackson.
 He promised “equal protection and equal
benefits” for all Americans, at least for white
American men.
 Between 1824 and 1828, the percentage of
white voting males in presidential elections
increased from 36.9 to 57.6%. The right to
vote, or suffrage, continued to expand for
white men. In 1840 more than 80% of white
males voted in the presidential elections.
 By 1828 state constitutions changed to allow
people, not state legislatures, to choose
presidential electors.
Graph of voter turnout in the United States
presidential elections from 1824 to 2008
Jackson as President
• Jackson instituted the spoils
system. He replaced gov’t
employees with his
supporters.
•
The fired workers were angry
and protested.
• Jackson felt that a new group
of employees would be good
for democracy.
• Wanted those who supported
his ideals and programs
• Many saw him as a tyrant
Expanding Democracy
 Jackson’s supporters made the political
system more democratic by abandoning the
caucus system and replacing it with
nominating conventions.
 Instead of major political candidates being
chosen by committees of members of
Congress, state delegates would select the
party’s presidential candidate.
 More people could now participate in the
selection process.
Nominating Conventions
 The first national party
convention for the Democrats
was in Baltimore, Maryland, in
1832.
 Convention drew delegates from
each state that would nominate
a candidate receiving two-thirds
of the vote.
 Jackson was nominated.
IV. The Tariff Debate
pgs. 338-339
 In 1828 Congress passed a very high tariff on
goods imported from Europe.
 This tariff made European goods more
expensive.
 Manufacturers in the U.S., especially the
Northeast, were happy because they thought
Americans would now be even more likely to buy
American-made products.
IV. The Tariff Debate
pgs. 338-339
 Southerners hated the tariff and protested
 They traded their cotton with Europe for
manufactured goods.
 Now they would have to pay more for these
items.
 South did not produce as many goods as the
north, and relied on imports to acquire basic
goods
 Further strengthened sectionalism
South stands up to resist!
 Some Southerners called for the Southern states to
secede, or break away and form their own gov’t.
 John C. Calhoun, a believer in states’ rights argued for
nullification, or canceling a federal law it considered
unconstitutional, and for secession.
 states have rights and powers independent of the federal gov’t
 states should be able to have the last word on decisions affecting
them.
The Webster-Hayne debate
 Was a response to these issues.
 In January, 1830, Senator Daniel
Webster challenged the speech
given by Robert Hayne, a
senator from South Carolina
who defended the right of states
to nullify acts of the federal gov’t
and to secede.
 Webster defended the
Constitution and the Union
arguing that nullification would
cause the end of the Union.
IV. The Tariff Debate cont.
 Jackson defended the Union, saying that it must be
preserved.
 Vice President Calhoun was shocked.
 When he won election to the Senate in December 1832,
he resigned as vice president.
Foreshadowing!
 The nullification crisis grew, and the threat of
the Union splitting apart intensified.
 In 1832 Congress passed a new, lower tariff,
hoping that the Southern protest would die
down.
 But it did not.
Nullification Act
 South Carolina’s state legislature passed the
Nullification Act, saying that it would not pay
the “illegal” tariffs of 1828 and 1832.
 The South Carolina legislature threatened to
secede if the federal gov’t interfered.
Force Bill
 Jackson supported a
compromise bill by Clay,
lowering the tariff.
 He also made sure that the
South would accept it.
 He persuaded Congress to
pass the Force Bill, which
allowed the president to
use the U.S. military to
enforce acts of Congress.
Pay your taxes or else….
Gone but not forgotten!
 South Carolina accepted the compromise
tariff and state leaders voted to put aside the
Nullification Act.
 The crisis between a state and the federal
gov’t was over for the time being.