Transcript Chapter 12

The Age of Jackson 1824 - 1840
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
 Monroe’s Secretary of State
 Former military hero
 Son of former president
 Common man
John Adams
Who won the popular vote?
Did any candidate receive a majority of the electoral votes?
How will the presidency be decided?
In what region of the United States was Jackson most popular?
In what region of the United States was Adams most popular?
What do you think contributed to each candidates’ popularity in these regions?
 Senator Henry Clay threw his support behind Adams.
The House of Representatives decided the winner –
ADAMS became the 6th president.
 Jackson was FURIOUS. He felt the will of the people
had been ignored.
 Adams had plans to
improve America’s
transportation and
education system.
Unfortunately, the four
yours of his presidency
marked very little growth.
Congress became
populated by Jackson
supporters who did
everything in their power
to block Adams.
Claimed to
represent the
“common man”
Accused
Republicans of
being “elitists”
Claimed the
Democrats
were radicals
and led by
“mob rule.”
 Jackson began campaigning to win the next election in
1828. He promoted the idea of MAJORITY rule. He
felt the wealthy landowners had controlled politics
long enough. Jackson wanted to spread political
power to all of the people – this became known as
Jacksonian Democracy.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/us11.cfm
Why are the territories not represented in the election?
Who won both the electoral and the popular vote of 1828
What region voted for Adams?
Why do you think Adams was more popular in the New England
states?
•Jeffersonian Democracy
•Jacksonian Democracy
•Government for the people by capable,
well educated leaders
•Government by the people
•Democracy in political life
•Democracy in political, social, and
economic life
•Championed the cause of the farmer in Championed the cause of the farmer
a mainly agricultural society
and the laborer in an agricultural and
industrial society
•Limited government
•Limited government but with a strong
president
What do you think was the most important change in democracy?
Did Jefferson or Jackson believe in a president that exercised more power?
 When Jackson became
president, he “cleaned
house.” He fired many
government officials and
replaced them with his
friends.
 This became known as the
“spoils system” from the
Roman saying “To the
Victor go the Spoils”
 What problems can you
foresee in this type of
system?
Jackson's Cabinet
Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans
 “Murder is murder and somebody must explain the
streams of blood that flowed in the Indian country in .
. . . 1838. Somebody must explain the four-thousand
silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokees to
their exile. I wish I could forget it all, but the picture
of six – hundred and forty five wagons lumbering over
the frozen ground with their Cargo of suffering
humanity still lingers in my memory.”
 John G. Burnett – soldier assigned to the Trail of Tears
Jackson's Indian Policy
 By the 1820’s, approximately
100,000 Native Americans lived
east of the Mississippi River.
Most of these were located in
the South east. The major
tribes were the Cherokee,
Chickasaw, Choctow, Creek and
Seminoles.
 The Cherokee were the most
assimilated Native American
tribe. Assimilated means that
they had adopted the customs
of the white men. They
farmed, lived in houses, and
dressed much like their white
neighbors.
Restored home of
Cherokee preacher
 The Cherokee claimed a part of the southeast as the
Cherokee Nation. They had their own constitution
patterned after the United States Constitution.
 In 1828, gold was discovered on lands in the Cherokee
Nation. White people became eager to relocate the
Cherokee to remove them from their land.
 The Federal Government responded with a plan to
remove all Native Americans from the Southeast to
government owned land in Oklahoma.
 Andrew Jackson believed that the government had the right to regulate
where Native Americans lived. He considered them to be conquered
people living on American soil.
“As a means of effecting this end I suggest for your consideration the
propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and
without the limit of any State or Territory now formed, to be
guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it.... There
they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own
choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as
may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the
several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the
arts of civilization....
This emigration would be voluntary, for it would be as cruel and unjust
to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and
seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed
that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject
to their laws.... “
Andrew Jackson 1829
 The Cherokee appealed to the Supreme Court for help.
They felt it was unjust for the state of Georgia to claim their
land and for them to be forcibly removed from the
Cherokee Nation if they protested.
 The Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia:
The Cherokee nation, then, is a distinct community,
occupying its own territory, with boundaries accurately
described, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force,
and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter, but
with the assent of the Cherokees themselves, or in conformity
with treaties, and with the acts of Congress....
 “John Marshall has made his
decision. . . . Now let him
enforce it.”
 Discussion Questions:
 What is Jackson standing
on in this political cartoon?
 Why do you think the
cartoon depicts (pictures)
him as a king?
Conf licts Over States’ Rights
During Jackson’s
presidency, the United
States began to pull
apart due to sectional
differences.
The government
owned new territory
that could be sold to
raise government
money.
Northeasterners
Factory owners in
the Northeast
(formerly known as
New England),
Surplus of labor –
more workers than
jobs
didn’t want lands in
the west sold at low
prices.
Why would a factory
owner want a surplus
of labor?
Think about wages
If people in the poor
laborers in the
Northeast bought
land in the Midwest
and moved away,
there would no
Labor shortage –
more jobs than
workers
longer be a surplus
of labor.
Westerners
People in the West
WANTED the land
to be sold cheaply.
They wanted to
attract new settlers
to the territories.
Why would people
living in the western
territories want
more people to
move West?
Southerners
The south was angry
over the
impr0vements
being made in the
North and the West.
Roads and canals
were being built in
these regions. They
were being paid for
with money raised
through tariffs.
The South paid
more than their
share in tariffs
because they
couldn’t produce
their own finished
products.
 Since 1816, tariffs had risen steadily. The south felt they were being
taxed to death. The economy of the South depended on imported
goods.
 Southern planters would trade raw materials to European countries
for credit. The credit would be paid with finished products.
 Tariffs made imported products more expensive, thus lowering the
exchange value of raw materials
$2.50 to produce in England
$1.00 Profit
40%
Tariff
$4.90
$3.00 to produce in U.S.
$1.00 Profit
$4.00
 In 1828, in the last months of John Quincy Adams’s
presidency, Congress passed a bill that significantly
raised the tariff on raw materials and imported goods.
 Southerners had to sell their cotton at low prices and
buy finished goods at high prices. They were furious.
 The Tariff of Abominations was one of the reasons
John Quincy Adams was not re-elected for a second
term.
 John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina senator suggested
an extreme form of states’ rights called the Doctrine of
Nullification.
 According to this doctrine, states shouldn’t have to
follow a law they felt was unconstitutional. Each state
had the right to nullify a law if the state disagreed with
it.
 President Jackson and his Vice President, Calhoun,
disagreed over the doctrine of nullification.
 Jackson knew that if states were allowed to nullify
federal law, the federal government would have no
power over the states.
 In 1830, Daniel Webster, a senator from Massachusetts
and Robert Y. Hayne, a senator from South Carolina,
held a famous debate over the issue of states’s rights
versus national rights.
Webster was a
Nationalist. He believed
the good of the nation
was more important than
the interests of the region
Hayne was a Sectionalist.
He believed states should not
be forced to follow federal
laws they though were unjust.
 South Carolina nullified the tariff of
abominations – they refused to pay. They also
voted to begin building their own army. They
threatened to leave the United States and form
their own country.
Just you
try it!!!
 Jackson was furious. He said he would, “Hang
the first man of them I can get my hands on.”
 Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, came
forward with a suggestion. He lowered the
tariff of abominations and South Carolina
agreed to pay.
 Clay managed to appease the south. . . . . . for a
while.
We’re going
to break up
with you
Prosperity and Panic
 The Second National
Bank of the United
States was a very
powerful institution.
 The bank controlled the
country’s money.
 Jackson didn’t trust
banks, and he didn’t like
that Mr. Biddle, the bank
president, had so much
power.
Jackson and the National Bank
Video
 To operate the national bank, the bank needed a
charter, or written grant. The bank’s charter had to be
renewed every few years.
 The bank’s charter was good until 1836. Biddle asked
Congress to renew the charter in 1832. He thought
that because it was an election year, Jackson wouldn’t
fight him for fear of making people angry.
 Biddle had leant money to many Senators. He
bragged that he had them in his pocket. In other
words, the senate would renew the charter because
they “owed” him.
 Jackson wasn’t a person to bend to popular opinion.
When Congress voted to renew the bank’s charter,
Jackson vetoed it.
 Jackson claimed the bank was unconstitutional. The
Supreme Court had already said that the bank WAS
constitutional.
 Jackson didn’t care. He said that elected officials had
to judge Constitutionality for themselves and not rely
on the Supreme Court.
What precedent established in Marbury v. Madison was
Jackson threatening to throw away?
Jackson fights the
many headed
monster
Who is depicted as
the head of the
monster?
Jackson’s cane says
VETO. What does
that represent?
Do you think this
cartoonist was pronational bank or
anti-national bank?
 Jackson set out to
 Biddle fought back
destroy the national
bank before it’s charter
expired in 1836.
 To do this, he took
government money
out of the National
Bank and deposited it
into smaller, “pet
banks.”
by making it more
difficult for poor
people to borrow
money.
 The thought this
would force Jackson
to give in to the
complaints of his
supporters.
 Eventually, loss of money
forced the Second National
Bank out of business.
 Jackson won his war with the
bank, but the economy
would suffer.

Jackson’s pet banks lent out
lots of money to farmers and
other people looking to buy
public land. For a while the
economy was great.

BUT, the pet banks issued too
much paper money. When too
much money is in circulation,
the value of the dollar drops.
This is called INFLATION.

Because of this, Jackson issued
an order that all public land
would have to be paid for with
gold or silver
.
 Because of Jackson’s popularity, his vice – president,
Martin Van Buren won the 1836 election. Jackson left
office proud of the nation’s economic prosperity.
 BUT, in 1837 people began to worry about the
economy. They took their paper money to the banks
and demanded gold or silver. There wasn’t enough
gold and silver to cover the paper money. Banks went
out of business.
 The country went into an economic depression
 The Depression of 1837 caused
great hardship in the United
States. Almost 90 percent of
the factories in the North
closed. This put people out of
work, which caused grocery
stores and all other businesses
to lose customers and in turn
close.
 People lost their homes and
froze to death in the cold.
Cities were hit the worst,
because people weren’t able to
grow their own food.
 Even though President Van Buren hadn’t caused the
depression, people blamed him. He did not win a
second term in office.
 A new party emerged called the Whig Party. The
Whigs opposed a strong executive like Jackson. They
mockingly called him “King Andrew.”
 The Whigs ran William Henry Harrison of Ohio for
resident. He was the hero of the Battle of Tippacanoe
 At his inauguration,
President Harrison
spoke for nearly two
hours freezing
March weather with
no hat or coat. He
caught a cold which
turned into
pneumonia. He
died only one
month and four
days after becoming
president.