Transcript Reconstruction Powerpoint

RECONSTRUCTION
Rebuilding the
Nation After
the Civil War
Post-Civil War
Problems
Pardon
Issue
Andersonville
Union
Confederate
Total
participants
2.5-2.75 m
750,000-1.25 m
Wounded
275,175
100,000
Battle deaths
110,070
94,000
Deaths from
disease
249,458
164,000
360,222
258,000
Total dead
618,222
Post-Civil War
Problems
Pardon Issue
Statehood
Former Slaves
Economic Rebuilding
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
Goal:
To reunite the
nation quickly
and painlessly in
order to move
ahead.
Lincoln’s Viewpoint
Since secession not
possible under
Constitution, southern
states merely in rebellion
and, therefore, still
states. Job of President to
enforce federal laws
within states.
Lincoln Proposals
Former
confederates
swearing
oath of future
loyalty to
Constitution
are pardoned
Former
confederate
leaders
charged
with
treason/banned from
public office
Lincoln Proposals
Oath taken by Freedmans
Bureau
10% of eligible
responsible for
voters and
relief effort in
slavery/secesthe South
sion outlawed,
among
state may elect
destitute
representatives
to Congress
Radical Republicans
Wade-Davis Plan
Goal:
Punish the South;
maintain Republican
control of the national
government; restore the
power of Congress over
Presidency
Radical Viewpoint
The Confederate states had
seceded from the nation
and were now to be treated
as conquered
territories.Congressional
powers include
administering territories
Radical Proposals
Former
State
confederates
conventions
swear
ironclad oath could write
new
of past and
constitutions
future loyalty
after 50% of
to
Constitution
eligible voters
swear oath
Radical Proposals
New state
State
constitutions
legislatures
must ban formust ratify
mer Confednew 13th
erates from
Amendment
office, slavery,
and secession
Neither Reconstruction
Plan Used
Lincoln
vetoed
WadeDavis
Plan
Neither Reconstruction
Plan Adopted
Lincoln’s
Assassination
meant his
plan not used
President Andrew Johnson
Background
Poor
Tennessee
rep
Remained in
Congress
after his state
voted to
secede
Reasons
Disliked
Southern
roots
Democrat
Tactless
Obstructionist
Actions of Johnson
Recognized
southern
state
governments
even though
most:
Failed to
repudiate
slavery
Enacted black
codes
Pardoned
former
Confederate
leaders if
they
personally
appealed to
him for a
pardon
Vetoed 1866
Vetoed
Civil Right Bill
bill to
to give former
slaves
enlarge
Freedmans citizenship
and
Bureau
protection
from state
discrimination
Impact of Johnson Actions
Former
Confederate
leaders elected
to Congress due
to meet in
January 1866
Between AprilDecember 1865,
all but three
Southern states
readmitted
Johnson vetoes
had to be
overcome with
2/3rds vote of
Congressslowed progress
Moderates now
view Johnson
with disdain
Congressional Reconstruction
1867 - 1877
Seceded states divided into 5
military districts
District’s major general
oversees drafting of new state
constitutions
Ratification of 14th and 15th
Amendments
Military tribunals act as courts
Thirteenth Amendment
“Neither slavery
nor involuntary
servitude, except
as punishment
for a
crime…shall
exist within the
United States or
any place
subject to their
jurisdiction.”
Fourteenth Amendment
“…all persons born
or naturalized in
the United States
are citizens…”…nor
shall any state
deprive any person
of life, liberty, or
property without
due process of law,
nor deny…equal
protection of the
law
Fifteenth Amendment
“The right of the
citizens of the
United States to
vote shall not be
denied…by any
state on account
of race, color, or
previous
condition of
servitude”
Johnson’s Impeachment
Use of Veto
Lack of
enforcement Tenure of
in Southern
Office Act
States
Demeanor temper,
language
Tenure of Office Act
President is forbidden
from removing a
Cabinet officer he had
appointed without a
2/3rds vote of Senate.
Johnson
fired
Secretary
of War
Edwin
Stanton
on Feb 21,
1868
Johnson’s Impeachment
House of
Representatives
voted to
impeach Andrew
Johnson by a
vote of 126
yeahs to 47 nays
on February 24,
1868.
Johnson’s Impeachment
The US Senate
votes to acquit
Johnson by
vote of 35 to
19; one vote
short of 2/3rds
vote needed to
convict him.
Impact of Impeachment
Radicals lost favor with
moderates.
Republicans nominate Ulysses S.
Grant for presidency in 1868 who
wins by slight margin over
Democrat, Horace Greeley.
Nation began to lose interest in
Reconstruction.
The “New” South
Local
governments
formed with
support of
Radical
Republicans
New
governments
made up of
freed blacks,
scalawags, and
carpetbaggers
Scalawags:
Southern
Republicans who
had been antislavery and
secession and
desired an
industrialized
South
Carpetbaggers:
Transplanted
northerners,
often former
soldiers who
remained in the
south to live,
establish a
business, or aid
freed slaves.
African-Americans
Delegates
to state
conventions
State
legislatures
14 in House
2 in Senate
Economic Change in South
Plantations
divided
Sharecropping
Tenant
Farming
Positive and Negatives
of New Southern Governments
Positives:
 Property
qualifications
Jail for debt
Public schools
Roads,
hospitals,
orphanages,
bridges
Negatives:
Borrowed
heavily
Property taxes
high
Chance for graft
Promoted anger
against Blacks
Southern White
Resentment
Shortage of
money-taxes
Government
corruption
Use of black
votes by
Republican
minority
Southern Protest
Intimidation
of AfricanAmericans
Organized
Ku Klux Klan
Congress Acts
Three Force Acts which
place elections under
Federal supervision
Troops dispatched to
where Klan is strong
Reasons Reconstruction Ends
Amnesty Act
of 1872
Freedman’s
Bureau ends
Southern
governments
gradually
replaced
Northern
indifference
Government
scandals
Economic
depression
Government Scandals
Black Friday:
Men close to Grant buy
up available gold and
then convince Grant to
increase government’s
purchase of gold.
Government
Scandals
Whiskey Ring:
Whiskey distillers pay-off
government officials so
they can under-report
how much whiskey they
have distilled. Whiskey is
taxed.
Government
Scandals
Credit Mobilier:
Congress votes to sell public
land to this company to
build a railroad. Company
officials resell land at huge
profit. No railroad planned
or built. Individual congressmen bribed to vote for sale.
Disputed Election of 1876
Hayes
Tilden
1876
Electoral Process
Two sets of electoral returns come
from un-reconstructed states of
Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina,
proclaiming different winners.
House of Reps establishes Electoral
Commission to determine authentic
set of returns.
Commission has 8 Republicans/7
Democrats
Compromise of 1877
Democrats accept Hayes in return
for :
- recall of remaining troops in
South
- federal money for railroad from
Cal - Tex
- conservative southerner in
Cabinet
Tilden withdraws gracefully, while
Hayes assumes presidency.
White Supremacy
Restored
Amnesty Act of 1872
allows whites who had
been denied the right to
vote or hold office to do
so. Many will get elected
to replace Reconstruction
governments in states
White Supremacy RestoredPolitical Restrictions
Literacy
Tests
Grandfather
Clause
Poll Taxes
Impact of Reconstruction
Solid South
Political
Restrictions on
Black Vote
Legal
Segregation
Passage of
Civil Rights
Amendments