Transcript US History Standard 2.1

UNITED STATES HISTORY
AND THE CONSTITUTION
South Carolina
Standard USHC-2-1
South Carolina
Standard USHC-2
Standard USHC-2
Covers the economic
developments and how the
westward movement
impacted regional differences
and democracy in the early
nineteenth century.
Indicators
USHC-2.1
We will cover the impact of the westward
movement on nationalism and democracy,
including the expansion of the franchise,
the displacement of Native Americans
from the southeast and conflicts over
states’ rights and federal power during the
era of Jacksonian democracy as the result
of major land acquisitions such as the
Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon Treaty,
and the Mexican Cession.
Westward Expansion
Westward expansion both intensified
nationalism and exacerbated
sectionalism as competing regional
interests agreed on expansion but
differed on policies of the federal
government such as cheap land,
internal improvements, the support
for industry through tariff policy and
the expansion of slavery.
Manifest Destiny
Expansion fueled the nationalist idea of
Manifest Destiny and vice versa.
Jefferson pursued the purchase of
Louisiana, despite his misgivings over the
constitutionality of such a purchase.
Jefferson’s loose interpretation of the
elastic clause of the Constitution set the
precedent for future land acquisitions and
secured control of the Mississippi River as
a highway for American agricultural
products from the old Northwest through
the port of New Orleans to world markets.
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory and
New Orleans to the United States on April 30,
1803 for $15 Million.
This included $11.25 million for the land and
$3.75 million in debts owed to American
citizens .
Spread of Democracy
The Louisiana Territory also provided
additional government owned land
available for purchase [Land
Ordinance].
The addition of these lands insured
the spread of democracy as new
territories became states of the
Union on equal terms as the original
thirteen [Northwest Ordinance].
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
In 1918 John Quincy Adams used ongoing
boarder negotiations with Spain to acquire
Florida, and set the western boarder of the
Louisiana Territory.
Right to Vote
The right to vote, originally reserved to
property owners, was enjoyed by most
American males as the government sold
land at increasingly cheaper prices.
In the 1820s and 1830s, states dropped
the property qualification and expanded
the franchise to all white males and
specifically disenfranchised African
American property owners.
Fun Times at the Polls
Political campaigns became a popular
pastime and voting a festive
occasion.
The first president elected from the
West was Andrew Jackson, a
Democrat and self described
champion of the common man.
Westward Expansion
Westward expansion strengthened the
Democratic Party.
As Americans moved west, they continued
the displacement of the Native American
population, just as they had in the original
colonies.
President Andrew Jackson announced a
formal policy of removal of natives to the
west to make room for opportunity for the
common white man.
Native Americans
Native Americans of the southeast
responded to this encroachment through
both resistance (Seminoles in Florida) and
assimilation (Cherokee in Georgia).
Neither of these methods was successful.
The Seminoles were defeated and the
Cherokee eventually lost their legal fight
to retain their lands.
Trail of Tears
Native Americans of the southeast
were forced to move to the Indian
Territory in Oklahoma on the Trail of
Tears in the late 1830s.
Human Property, Families Split
The westward movement also had an
adverse impact on enslaved African
Americans as slave owners took only
part of their human property with
them on the trek west and left the
rest of a slave family behind.
Nullification Crisis
The increasing economic differences
and the growing conflict between the
North and the South over the right to
extend slavery to the territories led
to a conflict between states’ rights
and federal power in the nullification
crisis of the 1830s.
High Tariffs
Northern manufacturers favored a
high tariff that would protect their
infant industries from foreign
competition.
Southerners, as producers of cash
crops and consumers of
manufactured goods, wanted those
goods to be available at a cheaper
price and viewed a high tariff as an
“abomination.
Tariff Null and Void?
The West sided with the North in
order to get support from the
Northern states for their favored
issues, internal improvements and
ever cheaper land prices. In the
1830s, South Carolina used the
states’ rights argument to declare
the tariff null and void
Andrew Jackson
President Andrew Jackson was
determined to uphold the right of the
federal government to collect the
tariff in South Carolina.
A compromise reduced the offending
tariff.
Compromise
This compromise and the threat of
federal force led South Carolina to
rescind their nullification of the tariff
but not to repudiate the right of the
state to nullify an act of Congress.
The immediate threat to the Union
was averted.
The United States’ claim to Oregon
was based on the explorations of
Lewis and Clark which took them
beyond the boundaries of the
Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific
Ocean.
Americans had moved to the Oregon
Territory in order to trade in furs and
farm.
The area was also claimed by the
British with whom the U.S. had joint
occupation rights until a treaty was
negotiated in the 1840s.
Texas was acquired through
annexation of the Republic of Texas
nine years after American-born
Texans had declared and won their
independence from Mexico.
The rest of the present southwestern
United States was acquired by treaty
that ended the Mexican War.
Westward movement impacted the
relations between the regions as
Southerners sought to protect their
‘peculiar institution’ by pushing for
the expansion of slavery and would
ultimately threaten national unity in
the Civil War
Vocabulary
Sectionalism
Jacksonian democracy
Manifest Destiny
Disenfranchised
Encroachment
Trail of Tears
nullification crisis