Transcript Ch.5 Immigration Power Point Notes

From Melting Pot To Salad Bowl
The earlier immigrants to American consisted mainly of Northern Europeans. However,
during the 1870s, a flood of immigrants, arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe,
gushed into the already overcrowded metropolises. Many immigrants faced the dual
problems of changing cultures and migrating from a rural life to an urban one. In
addition to these difficulties, the new immigrants often faced prejudice from nativist
Americans.
"New Immigration": They were a new group of immigrants coming into the United
States that consisted of Italians, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. They came from
both Southern and Eastern Europe, and also from the Middle East. In the 1890s, their
numbers first began to increase, and the numbers continued to increase for the next
three decades. Most of the immigrants came from peasant and poor backgrounds and
boosted America’s foreign-born population by 18 million. They were often discriminated
against.
"Old Immigration": This Term applies to those migrating from Western and Eastern
Europe. They were the largest group of immigrants that migrated to the United States.
The largest group of approximately three million, came from Germany in the 1840s and
1850s. Next came the British, Scottish, and Welsh immigrants, which totaled 2 million.
In addition, one and a half million traveled over from Ireland. All of these immigrants
came over in search of jobs and of new economic opportunities.
PUSH OR PULL FACTORS?
•Crop failures in Germany & Holland
•Introduction of the oceangoing steamship
•Overpopulation in Southern & Eastern Europe
•Economic problems, expanding population, and disease epidemics in Italy
•Homestead Act, Morrill, & Railroads offer free land to immigrants who become
citizens
•Construction of Transcontinental Railroad
•The Industrial Revolution begins and grows very rapidly
•Revolution against the government in Mexico
A starving Irish family from Carraroe, County Galway, during the
Famine. Source: National Library of Ireland.
A populous Irish village,
Gweedore, County
Donegal. Source:
Lawrence Collection,
National Library of
Ireland.
A family evicted by their landlords. Source: Lawrence Collection,
National Library of Ireland.
IMMIGRATION PUSH
WHAT THEY
PROVIDED
 Cheap labor
 Demand for
mass-produced
consumer goods
PULL
Poverty of displaced farm Inexpensive & rapid
workers
ocean travel
Overcrowding &
joblessness because of
population boom
Economic opportunities
of Great Plains &
industrial jobs
Religious persecution of
Jews in Russia
Reputation for political &
religious freedom
Famines and revolution
LEADING SOURCES OF IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES
1820-1975
1976-1986
Country of Origin
Numbers (approx.)
Country of Origin
Numbers (approx.)
Germany
6.9 million
Mexico
720,000
Italy
5.2 million
Vietnam
425,000
Ireland
4.7 million
Philippines
379,000
Austria-Hungary
4.3 million
Korea
363,000
Canada
4.0 million
China/Taiwan
331,000
Soviet Union/Russia
3.3 million
Cuba
258,000
England
3.1 million
Dominican Republic
211,000
Mexico
1.9 million
Jamaica
200,000
West Indies
1.4 million
United Kingdom
150,000
Sweden
1.2 million
Canada
129,000
HISTORY of IMMIGRATION
COLONIAL PERIOD
 inexpensive labor
 1/2+ before ‘76 were indentured servants
 slaves
•SCOTCH-IRISH - religion and increased rents
•SCOTS - artisans and laborers became indentured servants
•GERMANS - religious toleration
1760’s - 60% of PA was German
1650-1750
•
rural workers  poverty & land shortages
1815 to 1861 (5 Million)
•
England 1/2
•
Irish 40%
1865 to 1890 (10 Million)
•
Northwestern Europe (England, Wales, Ireland, Germany,
Scandanavia)
1868 to 1873  crop failures
•
Norwegians and Swedes drawn by Homestead Act
1890 to 1914
•
Eastern & Southern Europe (Poles, Russian Jews,
Ukranians, Slovaks, Croatians, Slovenes, Hungarians,
Romanians, Italians, Greeks)
1914 to 1945
Espionage Act (1917) - Sedition Act (1918) - Palmer Raids
Persecution of Jews in ‘30s brought Einstein
1945 to 1965
Europeans displaced with war
Mexican agricultural workers
1948 - Displaced Persons Act (still left select groups out)
1965 to Present
Immigration Act of 1965
abolished discriminatory quotas
Asia & Latin America (3-4 Million in ‘70s)
‘65 to ‘74 - foreign born physicians b/c Medicare
Why it all happened:
1. Population increases
2. Commercial agriculture
3. Factory system
4. Means of inexpensive transportation
Jews, Slavs, Italians, Romanians, Greeks
entered industrial cities such as NY, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Boston
Family networks were built
69% Slovaks were coal miners
93% Jewish women were embroiders
REACTIONS
• Progressive Era
Addams and Wald assisted
• AFL supported immigration restrictions
• 1920 California denied Japanese land
• John Reed Act 1924 brought about annual codes
WHAT THEY GAVE
•
Religion
•
Social Justice that resulted in better condition
•
Bank of America
•
Literature
•
Foods
IMMIGRATION AND LIFE IN THE
CITIES
Ellis Island
►
Steamship companies sailed into many ports such as
Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Francisco, Savannah,
Miami, and New Orleans.
►
However, most immigrants entered the United
States through New York Harbor.
►
During the years 1892-1954, Ellis Island processed over 12
million immigrants.
►
98% passed inspection
►
Approx. 250,000 were deported
Ellis Island, around 1920. The hospitals, shown on the bottom of the
photograph, treated 250,000 ill immigrants during the course of its
operation.
NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTS
st
1
and
nd
2
Class Not Required?
►
First and second class passengers underwent a cursory
inspection aboard the ship. They were NOT required to
undergo the inspection process at Ellis Island. Why?
►
However, first and second class passengers were sent to
Ellis Island for further inspection if they were sick or
had legal problems.
►
The steerage passengers were transported from the pier
by ferry or barge to Ellis Island where everyone would
undergo a medical and legal inspection.
Steerage Passengers
► The
steerage passengers were transported from
the pier by ferry or barge to Ellis Island where
everyone would undergo a medical and legal
inspection.
► Doctors
looked for over 60 different diseases and
ailments such as:
 Tuberculosis
 typhoid
 measles
 mental illness
 physical handicaps
BAGGAGE EXAMINATION
6 SECOND MEDICAL EXAM
Full List of Markings
1. X = possible mental illness
2. B = back
3. E = eyes
4. P = physical or lungs
5. SC = scalp
6. L = lameness
7. CT =trachoma
8. PG = pregnancy
9. C = conjunctivitis
10. FT = feet
11. S = senility
12. N = neck
13. H = heart
14. SI = ( legal exam only) you had to see the board of special inquiry
15. X with circle around it = definite mental illness
16. G = goiter
17. F = face
U. S. Public Health Service doctors inspected immigrants for a number
of diseases and impairments that might deny them entry into the
country. If an individual failed the initial exam, he or she was sent to
the hospitals for further treatment.
Buttonhook to check for Trachoma
IMMIGRANTS WAITING FOR
MEDICAL CLEARENCE
These immigrant children, who arrived with favus, a skin disease of the
scalp, were treated in the hospitals on Ellis Island.
U.S. Public Health Service doctors and nurses posed in front
of the general hospital with young immigrant patients.
An operating room on Ellis Island, as it looked in the 1920s. U. S. Public
Health Service doctors practiced the latest in medical knowledge and
techniques, giving immigrant patients the best of medical treatment.
As part of the health services on Ellis Island, nurses held
baby clinics for immigrant mothers.
Immigrants confined to the Ellis Island hospitals spent some of their time
in craft classes and other activities. A library near the hospitals had books
and newspapers on twenty-six languages.
Stairs of Separation
On average, 4,000 to 5,000 immigrants were processed each day on
Ellis Island. The largest number of immigrants processed in one day
was just over 11,000 in April, 1907
Step 2: The Mental Exam
►
►
If doctors marked you with an X or an X in a circle, the
doctors paid closer attention to you when you took these
tests.
Some of the puzzles immigrants had to complete included:
 a face puzzle,
 a happy sad face puzzle,
 2 matching puzzles,
 several geometric shape puzzles
 Also, immigrants had to draw a diamond and the
diamonds were classified by how many years of
education the immigrant, who drew it, had.
Pick 2 cards that are similar &
explain why you made your choice
Step 3: Legal Inspection
► After
passing the medical exams, immigrants had
to prove they could legally come into America.
► They
had to prove their country of origin and
where they expected to live and work once they
entered the country.
► Inspectors
rejected any immigrant with a criminal
record or those suspected of being indentured
servants.
► By
1921, immigrants had to pass a literacy test
and show a passport and visa.
Officials interviewed immigrants about the amount of money they had,
where they were going, and if they had work promised to them.
Sample Questions of Legal Exam
What was your occupation in your homeland?
Do you have a job waiting for you in America?
Did you pay for your own way to America?
Were you ever convicted of a crime in your
country?
Immigrants who were detained on Ellis Island, mostly awaiting a
relative to retrieve them, were served three meals a day. Immigrants
often spoke about eating unfamiliar food, like bananas.
Most immigrants spent only four or five hours on Ellis Island, departing
through the ferry terminal onto boats that delivered them to New York
City or the Central Railroad of NJ terminal in Jersey City, where they
boarded trains to destinations across the country.
Angel Island
► From
1910-1940, the Angel Island Immigration Station
processed approximately 175,000 Asian immigrants
entering into the US.
► Angel
Island is sometimes referred to as "The Ellis Island
of the West."
► Designed
to control the flow of Chinese into the country,
who were officially not welcome with the passage of the
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
► Many
immigrants waited on the island for as long as two
years while they exhausted appeals.
Naturalization Exam
Sample Questions: Part I
► Is the person applying for U.S. Citizenship 18
years old?
► Have you been a permanent resident for 5 or
more years?
► During the last 5 years, have you been out of
the U.S. for 30 months or more?
► Are you willing to perform either military or
civilian service for the U.S?
Part II: A compilation of 100 questions
showing a basic knowledge of U.S. history
and government
1.
2.
3.
4.
Who is the VP of the U.S.?
What do we call changes to the
constitution?
Which countries were our enemies in
WWII?
Who is the commander and chief of the
U.S. Army?
5.
6.
7.
8.
According to the constitution, a person
must meet certain requirements to
become president. Name one.
How many Supreme Court Justices are
there?
Who wrote the Star Spangled Banner?
Name one purpose of the United
Nations?
Trace the History of U.S. policy on immigration
Immigration Legislation
laws regulating who can immigrate into the United States. The first restriction on
immigration was imposed by the Alien Enemies Act in 1798. In 1875 Congress
barred prostitutes and felons from entering the country, and in 1882 added the
insane and any other persons who might need public care to the list. The same
year, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which suspended the immigration
of Chinese laborers. This was followed in 1907 with the Gentlemen's Agreement
with Japan, which prevented the immigration of Japanese laborers. Congress
overrode a presidential veto in 1917 and required all adult immigrants to pass a
literacy test. Quotas were introduced for the first time in 1921. Congress passed
the National Origins Act in 1924, to take effect in 1929, which limited immigrants
from outside the Western Hemisphere, and in 1952 the Immigration and
Naturalization Act (McCarran-Walter Act) limited quotas for Asian countries. In
1965 quotas based on nationality were discontinued, and preference was extended
to relatives of U.S. citizens, refugees, and persons with special skills. Immigration
is now limited to 170,000 per year, with no more than 20,000 allowed from any
one country. (See table for sources and numbers of immigrants to the United
States.)
Anti-Immigration Legislation
►
Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) – a series of four laws passed by a Federalistcontrolled Congress in anticipation of war with France during the
administration of John Adams. Designed to restrict the pro-French and antiwar
activities of the Jeffersonian Republicans, three of the laws dealt with aliens
(foreigners) and one with sedition (criticism of government officials and
policy). Under the Alien Enemies Act (never repealed but amended) the
president was authorized to imprison or deport citizens of enemy nations. The
Alien Friends act (never enforced and expired in 1800) permitted
deportation of citizens of friendly nations. The Naturalization Act (repealed
in 1802) increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14
years. The Sedition Act (expired in 1801) prohibited resistance to federal
laws and criticism of the government. The Federalists designed the measures
to expire at the end of Adams’s term in 1801 and did not include Vice
President Thomas Jefferson in the list of federal officials protected from
criticism. Opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts as a violation of freedom,
Jefferson and James Madison challenged their constitutionality in their Virginia
and Kentucky Resolutions (1798).
Anti-Immigration Organizations
► Immigration
Restriction League
 Organization founded in 1894 by Warren, Ward and Hall in
order to keep out “undesirable” immigrants (i.e. “new
immigrants.”)
 Blamed “new immigrants” for the increasing crime, the
strikes, and other troubles. They proposed the “literacy test”
to keep out the “undesirables.”
 President Grover Cleveland, President Howard Taft, and
President Woodrow Wilson disagreed with such a bill.
 1917—Congress overrode President Wilson’s veto---passed
the Immigration Act of 1917
Chinese Exclusion Law, 1882: Passed by Congress, it was one of three laws that
attempted to solve the increasing immigration problem. There had also been increasing
labor violence against the Chinese. By this law, immigrants had to be examined, and all
convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, anarchists, persons suffering from loathsome or
contagious diseases, and persons liable to become public disturbances and problems
were all excluded form the U.S.
American Protective Association: Founded by Henry F. Bowers, this was a secret
anti-Catholic society founded in 1887, in Clinton Iowa. The panic of 1893 greatly
increased its membership, and it supported the Republican Party until it split over the
question of whether or not to support William McKinley. It died in 1911.
Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907
Understanding between U.S. Government (Pres. Theodore Roosevelt) and Japan, Japan agreed
not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States, except to certain categories of business
and professional men. In return, President Theodore Roosevelt agreed to urge the city of San
Francisco to rescind an order by which children of Japanese parents were segregated from white
students in the schools.
Impact of the War
The war affected the lives of millions of industrial workers, farmers, women, and blacks
in important ways. For all its horrors, World War I brought prosperity to the American
economy. The wartime mood also gave a boost to moral-reform movements. Still, the
wartime spirit saw new racial violence and fresh antiradical hysteria. The antiradical
panic crested in the Red Scare of 1919-1920. Americans, tired of idealism, revealed their
feelings in the election of 1920 leaving Republican Warren Harding in the office.
Literacy tests: Passed by Congress in 1917 in order to restrict immigration, the law
enlarged the group of immigrants that could be excluded from the United States.
Literacy tests were imposed on all immigrants, and any immigrant who could not
pass the tests was not allowed entry into the U.S.
Red Scare, Palmer raids: In 1919, there was a string of bombings. Among the
victims was Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. In November 1919, Palmer led raids
and arrested around 700 suspected communists and anarchists. Some were deported
under the Alien Act. The Red Scare in the United States followed Communist revolutions
in Russia.
Twenties Domestic Affairs
America of the 1920s was a period of prosperity as well as industrial and technological
growth. With the recent end of World War I, Americans yearned for a return to
"normalcy" and political leaders that could provide it, thus turning to the leadership of
Warren G. Harding.
•Immigration Acts 1921, 1924, quota system: In 1921 Congress limited annual
immigration to about 350,000 people annually. In 1924, they limited the number to
164,000 people annually. This also restricted immigration to 2% of the total number of
people who lived in the U.S. from their respective country since 1890 and completely
rejected the immigration of Asians. The intent of these provisions was to reduce the
immigration of foreign people in the United States.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case: On Apr 15, 1920 two robbers killed a clerk and stole money
from a shoe factory in South Briantree, Massachusetts. Nicola Sacco and Bartholomeo
Vanzetti were arrested and both were charged with the robbery and the murder. The
jury found them both guilty. Both men died in the electric chair on Aug 23, 1927.
Homefront
Though World War II was not fought on U.S. soil, the entire country pitched in to help
the war effort. Housewives grew Liberty Gardens and went to work in place of the
drafted men. The United States government established many wartime organizations to
monitor supplies and food as well control propaganda. Families were encouraged to help
fathers and brothers by not buying tin or rationing sugar or buying war bonds. Everyone
on the homefront was expected to do his or her part in the war as well.
•Japanese Relocation: Japanese-born Americans and immigrants from Japan were
sent to concentration camps in the early 1940’s because of a fear that they would leak
out information about the U.S. to Japan. Most of these people were suspected of being
spies for the Japanese, though there was no solid evidence to support such accusations.
The captured Japanese were released in 1942, and FDR apologized to them. (Korematsu
v. U.S. 1944)
McCarthyism
As a result of the recent escalation of the Cold War and the spread of communism throughout the
world, domestic paranoia concerning communist infiltration increased. This laid the foundation for
the investigations of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Taking advantage of this "Red
Scare" was Senator Joseph McCarthy who utilized the fear and panic of United States citizens to
advance his own interests. Though many Americans believed the investigations were wrong, few
said anything.
National Securities Act of 1947, 1949: The CIA was enacted to pursue and conduct
espionage and analyze information and facts concerning the actions of foreign countries. It also
became involved in undercover operations to destroy operations made to be hostile toward the U.S.
•HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE (HUAC) : FDR established this
organization to serve as a platform to the denunciation of the New Deal and communism growth in
the U.S. Used to investigate and expose communist influence in America and blurred the line
between dissent and disloyalty. It also brought about hysteria and caused blacklisting to occur so
that people considered to be "communists" never found work.
•MCCARTHYISM, McCarthy, Senator Joseph: He started the hysteria that occurred after
the second Red Scare and accused U.S. citizens of being communists. These accusations appealed
to Midwestern Americans who found that anti-communism was to fight against liberals and
internationalists. It took over the U.S. as a means of fighting communism without realizing that the
U.S. was in danger of losing what it was fighting for, Freedom and the Constitution.
McCarthy, Senator Joseph: Republicans support and political power was given to senator
McCarthy to instill fear within the Democratic Party. He was supported by the GOP party and many
resented that he accused many people of being Communists without having proof of their
disloyalty. By accusing many of communism, McCarthyism arose.
Hiss, Alger: Identified as a member of the communist party by and initially denied claims. Proof
was given that Hiss was involved in espionage in the 1930s with the transmitting of information to
the Soviet Union through microfilm. Indicted for perjury and sentenced to five years in prison, 1950
McCarran Internal Security Act, 1950: Required all organizations that were believed to be
communist by the attorney general to submit a roster of the members and financial statements to
the Department of Justice. It also excluded communists from working in defense plants, passports
to communists and deported aliens suspected of subversion.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg:. In March of 1951, based primarily on the testimony of their
alleged accomplices, Henry Greengrass and Harry Gold, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of
conspiring to commit espionage. Their electrocution in 1953 represented the anti-Communist fever
that gripped the U.S.
Hollywood 10: The 10 people from the entertainment industry called before the House Un-
American Activities Committee as "unfriendly" witnesses in October 1947 became known as the
Hollywood Ten. All refused to state whether they were communists, served prison sentences, and
were blacklisted in the film industry.
Fuchs, Klaus: He was a German physicist who was a British citizen from 1942-1950
and an atomic scientist in the United Kingdom and the United States from 1942 on. He
was sentenced to prison in England in 1950 for having given atomic secrets to the
USSR. After he was freed in 1959, he went to East Germany.
"Pink Lady" - Douglas, Helen Gahagan: When Richard Nixon ran against the liberal
Democratic Jerry Voorhis for a California congressional seat in 1946, he won easily by
suggesting that Voorhis had left-wing tendencies. When Nixon ran for the Senate in
1950, he used similar charges to defeat the Democratic candidate, Congresswoman
Douglas.
•ANTI-COMMUNIST VOCABULARY: Red, pink or pinko, left-wing, and commie were
some of the slurs thrown around during the McCarthy years to brand people with a
communist "taint." These campaigns were known as witch-hunts by those who opposed
HUAC tactics, and like the Salem witch-hunts, accusations alone, without any proof of
wrong-doing, could be enough to ruin someone and get them "blacklisted" and unable
to find employment.
The 1961 Cuban Refugee Program provided unprecedented and comprehensive
assistance, with emergency relief checks, food distribution, medical care, education, job
training, and loans.
Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me:
I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
The Growth of Cities
►
►
►
►
JOBS
Factories
Transportation
Centers
Railroads/ports
►
►
►
►
►
PUBLIC
SERVICES
Transportation
Electric streetcars
Subways
Elevated Railways
(“els”)
• EDUCATION &
POPULAR
CULTURE
• Schools
• Libraries
• Museums
• Concert halls
• Sports events
PROBLEMS OF CITY LIFE
►
►
►
►
►
OVERCROWDING
Multifamily
Tenements
Fires
Rats, roaches,
disease (TB)
Jacob Riis “How the
Other Half Lives”
►
►
►
►
CRIME
Poverty encourages
crime
Murders, burglaries,
robberies
Gangs
• SANITATION
• Sewage dumped
into rivers and lakes
= typhoid
• No bathtubs &
running water
• Smokestack
pollution
Jacob Riis
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91981589#share (time - 12:52)
Many immigrant families settled in urban areas, living in small tenement
apartments in heavily ethnic neighborhoods.
LIFE IN THE IMMIGRANT
APARTMENT
NEW YORK
TENEMENT
TENEMENT
(NYC)
TENEMANT
BUILDINGS
A BUSY DAY IN CHICAGO
ITALIAN
NEIGHBORHOOD
NEW YORK (1900)
MULBERRY STREET (NY 1905)
HESTER STREET (1900)
PHILADELPHIA
CHILDREN AT THE HULL HOUSE