Transcript The Cold War

The Cold War
1945 - 1991
Hot – Warm - Cold
Hot War : this is actual warfare
 Warm War : talks are still going on but
war plans are being put into operation

Origins of the Cold War




Cold War
the state of hostility,
without actual warfare
Stimulated development
of emerging nations
Stimulated extraordinary
advance in weapons


US VS Soviet Union
Lasted until the Soviet
Union collapsed in 1991
Conflicting Postwar Goals!


US wanted to spread
democracy and
capitalism
Soviet Union wanted
security and to spread
communism
US Develops Major Cold War Policies

Containment


US must resist Soviet attempts to
spread communist throughout
world
The Truman Doctrine (1947)



take leadership role in the world
help countries resist communism
Offered military aid to Greece and
Turkey to resist soviet military
pressure
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery
Program.”
2. Secretary of State,
George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine, but
against hunger, poverty, desperation, and
chaos.
4. More than 20 billion of US aid to friendly
Western European nations
Fear of Communists In the U.S.


The Loyalty Program 1947
1. designed to review the
loyalty of federal
employees
House Un-American
Activities Committee
(HUAC)
1. investigated
government agencies,
Hollywood etc.
Are you now or have you ever been
a member of the Communist party?

The Hollywood Ten
1.

served jail terms of 6
months – 1 year
Hollywood plays the
“game”
1.
2.
created a blacklist
steered clear of
controversial topics
The McCarthy Witch Hunts



Senator Joseph McCarthy played
on people’s fear of communism
Targets
1. Govt. personnel
2. former Sec. of State George
Marshall
3. US Army
hearings began in late April 1954
1. Televised
2. Democrats wanted public to
“see” McCarthy
3. most Americans were horrified
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
}
The Soviet Union exploded
its first A-bomb in 1949.
}
Now there were two nuclear
superpowers!
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) 1949


Member nations
pledged assistance to
each other
Military assistance
consisting of U.S. and
Western European
countries
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
 United States
 Belgium
 Britain
 Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
The Warsaw Pact

1955 – Soviet
Response to NATO
1. Military alliance
between the
Soviet Union and
its satellite
nations in E.
Europe
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
} East Germany
}
Albania
} Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Czechoslovakia
} Poland
} Rumania
Cold War Battlefields
Space Race
 Arms Race
 Korea
 Cuba
 Vietnam

Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they
have the technological edge!
The Nuclear Threat Grows / Arms Race/
Space Race



1952 – US tested hydrogen
bomb
1953 – Soviets tested a
hydrogen bomb
1957 – Soviet launches the
first satellite into space
(Sputnik)


Catalysts for the space race
1969- Two Americans Neil
Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin
walk on the moon
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
The Korean War: A “Police Action” (19501953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
Korean War “Forgotten War”


1950-1953
Communist supported North Korea




U.S. supported South Korea
By the end of May 1951, communist
forces had been driven out of South
Korea.
The war had developed into a
stalemate
1.
2.


China
Peace talks will continue on and off for
~2 years
July 1951-July 1953
July 27, 1953 – Armistice Signed
Fearing WWIII, the Korean war was
limited to the Korean peninsula
Consequences
first armed confrontation of the Cold War
 it set a model for many later conflicts.
 It created the idea of a limited war, where the
two superpowers would fight without
descending to an all out war that could involve
nuclear weapons.
 It also expanded the Cold War, which to that
point had mostly been concerned with Europe.

Death
US: 33,000
 S. Korea: 1.1
Million
 North Korea: 1.6
Million
 China: 110,400
 Total cost: 3.5
Billion (1952 figure)

Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power!
China Falls to the Communists



Communists (Mao Zedong) gained control
Creates the People’s Republic of China
1958 Great Leap Forward Plan was to launch
China into world industrial power by
maximizing labor in village level industries


Economic disaster
1966 Cultural Revolution – mass mobilization
of youth’s into the Red Guard Units and
instilled revolutionary fervor in a new
generation

Campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeoisie
(revolutionary elders, authors, artists and religious
figures)
1966-1976: Cultural Revolution

"Cultural Revolution",
Mao's 10-year political
and ideological
campaign aimed at
reviving revolutionary
spirit, produces
massive social,
economic and political
upheaval.
1976: Gang of Four
Mao dies. "Gang of Four",
including Mao's widow,
jockey for power but are
arrested and convicted of
crimes against the state.
 From 1977 Deng Xiaoping
emerges as the dominant
figure among pragmatists
in the leadership. Under
him, China undertakes farreaching economic
reforms.

1986-1990

China's "Opendoor policy" opens
the country to
foreign investment
and encourages
development of a
market economy
and private sector.
1989: Tiananmen Square

Student protestors
fired upon by PRC
forces.
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Cuba





There is little evidence to suggest that Castro’s intent
was to create a Communist government.
However, the U.S. invoked a blockade (Castro’s
seizure of U.S. citizens property), and Cuba then
looked to the USSR for economic aid.
This, in essence, made Cuba an USSR dependent,
also making Cuba communist.
April 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA
work to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. Coup
failed, since US air support didn’t happen.
Cuban Missile Crises (1962)
 Soviet Union deployed Nuclear – tipped missiles to
Cuba in response to U.S. deployment of nuclear
missiles in Turkey
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Why Vietnam?
Early involvement

Democrats during the early
60’s lamented the loss of
China to communism in 1949.


The policy of containment had
been broken, and there was an
unwillingness to allow it to
happen again.
Johnson and Kennedy were
fervent anti-communists.
That will show them?
Standing firm in
Vietnam would send a
strong message to the
Soviets…
 Wars of liberation
would prove to be
“costly, dangerous,
and doomed to failure”.

US Superiority
The long held belief
was that US military
prowess and
technology could
stem the tide of this
rural communist
movement.
 Advanced weapons
were ill suited to
combat against a
guerilla war against a
phantom adversary.

Harming the saved

The strategy of using
air power and force was
actually damaging the
people it was intending
to save, as bombings
were having a dramatic
effect on rural villages
in the countryside
through the use of
Napalm.
A coup in South Vietnam
Stability in the anticommunist government
in South Vietnam was
crucial. Ngo Dien Dimh
didn’t provide it.
 He was overthrown after
brutally oppressing
Buddhists and
mismanaging the state.

Involvement under
Lyndon Johnson
In 1965 the South
Vietnamese government
approached collapse.
 Johnson fearing the eminent
communist takeover initiated
full scale American
involvement. •“I am not going
to be the president who saw
SE Asia go the way of
China.”

Vietnam War: 1965-1973
Massacre
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
American ships engaged
in espionage off the
coast of North Vietnam in
the Gulf of Tonkin.
 Two US destroyers
reported being fired upon
by North Vietnamese
gunboats.
 Johnson quickly ordered
airstrikes on North
Vietnamese oil storage.

The Resolution
He sought “all necessary
measures to repel any
armed attacks against the
forces of the United
States and to prevent
further aggression”.
 Vote in the House: 416-0.
Senate 98-2.
 He had the ability to run
the war as he saw fit. An
incredible mandate.

The Americanized War
“They can’t even bomb an
outhouse without my
permission” Lyndon B.
Johnson.
 US pilots dropped 3.2 million
tons of explosives on North
Vietnam, more than in all of
WWII…the South Vietnamese
experienced 2x the bombing
of the North.

Paris Peace Accords 1-27-1973
Essentially a
cease fire.
 The fall of Saigon
occurs 2 years
later with the
famous helicopter
boarding pictures.

Vietnam War
Further attempts by the US
to implement “containment”
policy. 1976-1973
 War impossible to win?
 Reveals flaws of
containment ideology
 Withdrawal in defeat

Vietnam War Recap


Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh
supported a guerilla movement against noncommunist South Vietnam.
JFK sent American military advisors to South
Vietnam, and Lyndon Johnson sent full military
deployment.




After an apparent North Vietnamese attack in Gulf of
Tonkin
By the end of 1966, (365,000) troops were engaged in the
war
US ended involvement there in 1973, and South
Vietnam fell in 1975.
Anti-war sentiment rose in US, and military felt
restrictions limited US success; restrictions designed
to keep China out of war.
International Tension in the
1980’s
US-led boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow
 Iranian revolution of 1979 and the US hostage
stand-off that accompanied it
 Iran–Iraq War 1980
 the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
 the escalating tensions between Pakistan and
India, contributed to making the Middle East an
extremely violent and turbulent region during
the 1980s.

Iranian Revolution
Iranian Revolution: Causes
The revolution was led by Shia cleric Ayatollah
Khomeini who overthrew the Western-backed
Shah Pahlavi
 It was in part a conservative backlash against
the Westernizing and secularizing of Iran
 The Shah was perceived by many as a puppet
of the U.S. whose culture was contaminating
that of Iran.

also seen as oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and
extravagant
 ambitious economic program that brought economic
bottlenecks, shortages and inflation.

Iran hostage crisis
group of Islamist students
took over the American
embassy in support of the
Iranian revolution
 52 U.S. diplomats were
held hostage for 444 days
from November 4, 1979 to
January 20, 1981

Iran-Iraq War: September 1980
to August 1988
Born out of the idea of Saddam Hussein to
create a new Arab Nationalism at the expense
of Iran
 He was supported extensively by the US—
based on previous US/Iran tension.
 Results of the war but brought neither
reparations nor change in borders.


Used trench warfare, chemical weapons, human
wave attacks, etc.
Persian Gulf War from 19901991
 Occurred after Iraq
occupied and annexed
Kuwait in August 1990
 Result: Coalition victory
 Removal of Iraqi invasion
force from Kuwait
 Establishment of US
military presence in Saudi
Arabia
 Imposition of UN
Sanctions against Iraq
War in Afghanistan
Soviet-Afghan War
Afghanistan Invaded by
Soviets, December 27, 1979 1988
 Causes

Instability of Afghanistan
 Perception of Muslim Regimes
(Iran)
 US / Soviet competition


Soviet forces supporting Afghan
communists against Islamic
freedom fighters known as
Mujahadeen
What happened?



By mid-1980s, the Afghan resistance movement was
assisted by the U.S., Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, U.K. and
others
The US viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an
integral Cold War struggle
 CIA provided assistance to anti-Soviet forces
Charlie Wilson (Rep of Texas) led Congress into
supporting Operation Cyclone, the largest-ever CIA
covert operation
 Supplied 600 mil in aid per/yr to the Afgha
Mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan.
 young Saudi named Osama bin Laden was among
them ( later the leader of al-Qaeda)
Taliban
The Taliban translation: students
 is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Pashtun
fundamentalist religious and political movement
that governed Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001
 Has origin and ties to Mujahadeen rebel forces
 The Taliban's extremely strict and "antimodern" ideology

Strict form of sharia
 Anti-western
 Anti-women’s rights

Reagan ends cold war
Not with bombs, but with
spending.
 Bipolar world collapsed under
the cost of maintaining it
 Demise of regimes in Eastern
Europe
 1989 Berlin wall comes down
 Boris Yeltsin who emerges to
formally declare an end to the
Soviet Union, 12-25-1991

Post-Soviet states







Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgystan








Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Russia
Tajikstan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
The World Since 1950
Broad Trends
 Colonial Breakup-rise of independent nations
around the world.
 Wars of liberation-case studies: causes, costs,
and outcomes.
 To align or not to align?
 Ethnic conflicts-often ending in tragedy
 Fragile new democracies-rise of military
autocracies
 Israel and the Middle East: easily the most
dominant theme of the past 58 years.

Challenges of Decolonization
Dozens of new nations were created
between 1945-1965.
 Most were created with little or no money,
so economic concerns took center stage.
 There were also educational concerns:

What language to teach…
 How to instill a sense of national unity to what
was a colony…
 How to provide satisfying jobs for graduates…
 …which when faced with these issues, most
opted for authoritarian rule.

New nations in South/SE Asia
India (secular)
republic and Pakistan
were incredibly
dissimilar.
 Pakistan became a
military government,
and sees Bangladesh
break away in 1971.
 India was able to
maintain its unity
since she retained
larger portions of

education and industry.
Colonial Breakup
Prime example-India
 Lesser known examples

Pakistan 1947
 Egypt -ind from UK 1922; became
a Republic in 1953
 Jordan -Ind from UK 1946 formed
constitutional monarchy
 Vietnam- ind from France 1945;
formed communist state in 1975
 Cambodia- ind from France 1953;
constitutional monarchy
 Laos – ind from France 1949;
communist state

African Independence
French were
determined to hold
Algeria, since many
French lived there.
Fought from 19541962, but Algeria won
independence.
 Ghana was the first
colony in Africa to gain
independence – 1957
from UK

Independence in South Africa



Independent from UK -1910
Republic- 1961
Nelson Mandela as the leader of
the African National Congress
organized guerrilla resistance in
1960


sent to jail for life in 1964
becomes the first Black president
in South Africa in 1994
African Dependence
Foreign aid by year:
 1970: 27 Billion
 1980: 321.3 Billion
 Still no answers to the
problems facing Africa
Today

Latin America: descent into
dictators
Depression of the 1930’s weighs hard on
Latin America.
 Foreign dependence soars
 Economic strife—leads to domestic
strife—leads to military despotism.
 Repressive military regimes in Chile,
Brazil, and Argentina

Latin American Freedom
Europe was mostly out of the picture, but
US and European economic domination
increased.
 Mexico still had rich v. poor, Guatemala
tried to remove the United Fruit Company
(1954), but the CIA helped remove the
president from power, making Guatemala
unstable for decades.
 In Cuba, Batista ruled a repressive regime,
while US business dominated. This
resulted in a popular revolt, led by Fidel
Castro, which overthrew Batista.

Democratic Revival
Inspired by US
 By 1970 only Mexico, Costa Rica,
Colombia, and Venezuela were
democratic.
 By 1985 only Cuba and Chile weren’t!
 By 1992 it was back to the 1970’s as
economic woes crush democracies
throughout.

Conflict in the Middle East
The Middle East

Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Creation of modern Turkey
 Old Ottoman lands (Middle East) carved-up
by the France (Syria & Lebanon) and Britain
(Palestine, Jordan, & Iraq)
 Arabia – Saudi Kingdom

Arab Independence
Efforts to rid the region of imperialism has
left the area…skeptical of the West
 Gained independence after WWII:
 Iraq from Ottoman 1919; from UK 1932
 Syria from France 1936; recognized 1946
 Jordan from UK 1946; constitutional
monarchy
 Lebanon – from France 1943;
Parliamentary Republic

Israel and Palestine
brief:
 British control Palestine after WWI, under
mandate they allow Zionists (Jewish
Nationalist) to migrate into the area in a
limited fashion.
 WWII and violent Anti-Semitism led to the
creation of Israel amidst a region ripe with
Arab Nationalism.
 The conflicting interests have never been
balanced.

Israel




1947 UN voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into two states
Was declared an independent Jewish State in May 1948
 Was attacked immediately by six Arab nations (Israel
Defeated armies sent by Arab states in 1948)
 Israel controlled Palestine: Jordan controlled parts of the
West Bank
Six Day War of 1967
 Resulted in Israel’s acquisition of all of Jerusalem and the
West Bank, Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt and
Golan Heights from Syria
Egyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to an Arab oil embargo
 It was used as a punishment to the U.S. and Netherlands for
their support of Israel
 Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt as part of the 1979
Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty
Gaza Strip

In 2005, under Israel's
unilateral disengagement
plan Israel removed all of
its residents and forces
from the territory.


Israel still controls Gaza's
airspace and sea access
and has on occasion sent
troops into the area
Today- inner control of
Gaza is in the hands of
the Hamas government
West Bank

West Bank- Since 1967
most of the West Bank
has been under Israeli
military occupation

most residents are Arabs
Presently, most of the
West Bank is
administered by Israel
 42% of it is under varying
degrees of autonomous
rule by the Fatah-run
Palestinian Authority.

Genocide

Genocide is the deliberate and systematic
destruction, in whole or in part, of an
ethnic, racial, religious, or national group
Timeline
Armenian Genocide 1915 – 1-1.5 million
Armenians killed by the Turks
 WWII – Holocaust 6 million Jews by the Nazis
 Khmer Rouge Communist Party led by Pol Pot
(Cambodia) killed 1.7 million between 19751979
 Srebrenica Genocide 1995 – Bosnian Serb
forces sought to eliminate the Bosnian Muslims


killing of an estimated 25,000-30,000 refugees in
the area of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Timeline

The Rwandan Genocide 1994 mass killing of
hundreds of thousands of Rwanda's Tutsis by
the Hutu


Most estimates indicate a death toll between
800,000 and 1,000,000,which could be as high as
20% of the total Rwanda population.
Darfur, Sudan 2003 - Since the start of the
conflict, about 450,000 people have been killed,
and 3,000,000 people have been displaced.
Globalization
Globalization
the process of transformation of local or
regional phenomena into global ones.
 Also a process by which the people of the world
are unified into a single society and function
together.
 This process is a combination of economic,
technological, socio-cultural and political forces.
 Globalization is often used to refer to economic
globalization, that is, integration of national
economies into the international economy
through trade, foreign direct investment, capital
flows, migration, and the spread of technology.

Asian Economic Resurgence
Japan, free from the need to provide for
defense, undergoes an economic
resurgence. Technological explosion
 “Little Tigers” copying the Japanese world
were Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea,
and Taiwan
