Transcript TheColdWar - ejchsapworldhistory

■ Essential Question:
–What led to the Cold War between
the United States & Soviet Union?
The end of World War II led to
important changes in the world:
U.N.
Peacekeeping
Interventions,
The
United Nations
was created1945-2009
which
replaced the League of Nations
United Nations
Headquarters
is
in
Executive
New York City
Council
General Assembly
Member Nations
The UN created a Jewish nation called Israel which
set off a series of wars with Arabs in the Middle East
The United States occupied & helped rebuild Japan
The end of the war inspired independence
throughout Africa & Asia, called decolonization
The
One
United
of theStates
most
&important
Soviet Union
changes
were
superpowers
after World&War
rivals
II
was
whothe
dominated
beginning
of
world
the Cold
politics
War
From 1945 to 1991,
What
were
the&
the
United
States
Soviet
entered of
an
majorUnion
ideologies
era of distrust & hostility
the USA
& Cold
USSR?
known
as the
War
Identify the following terms as
either US or Soviet ideologies.
A
DEMOCRACY
B
EQUALITY
C
CAPITALISM
D
INDIVIDUALISM
E
COLLECTIVISM
F
SOCIALISM
G
TOTALITARIANISM
H
FREEDOM
■ Essential Question:
–What were the major events
between the USA & USSR during
the early years of the Cold War?
The
One
United
of theStates
most
&important
Soviet Union
changes
were
superpowers
after World&War
rivals
II
was
whothe
dominated
beginning
of
world
the Cold
politics
War
ThisDuring
was anthe
eraCold
of competing
War,
the
ideologies:
United States
the USA
&
Soviet
promoted
Union
democracy
entered an
&
capitalism
era of distrust
while
& the
hostility
USSR
triedfrom
to spread
1945 to
communism
1991
The different ideologies between USA & USSR and
their desires to spread these ideas led to an era of
distrust, hostility, proxy battles, & near nuclear war
What Caused the
Cold War?
In 1917, Lenin led
the Bolsheviks in the
Russian Revolution
Distrust
when
&
createdbegan
the world’s
the communist
USA sent troops
first
gov’t
to fight the “Red
Army” during the
Russian
Civil
War in
After
Lenin’s
death
1924, Joseph Stalin
became dictator of
the Soviet Union
During WWII, the
USA & USSR worked
together to defeat
the Axis Powers, but…
…World War II increased
tensions between the
USA and USSR
Stalin never trusted
the Britain or the USA
during World War II
The Manhattan Project gave the USA a
monopoly on nuclear weapon technology
At the Yalta Conference,
But, Stalin wanted a
Stalin agreed to allow
“buffer zone” between
self-determination in the USSR & the democratic
Eastern Europe
nations in Western Europe
Stalin used his military
to install communist
gov’ts in Eastern
European nations
As
Inathe
result,
yearsEastern
after World
European
War nations
II, the USA began
turned to
communist
view Stalin& as
became
a new Soviet
Hitler—a
satellites:
dangerous
nations
dictator
that were
who wanted
influenced
to take
by the
over
USSR
the world
By 1946, Europe was divided by an “iron curtain”
that separated democratic/capitalist Western
Europe from communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe
Communism &
Totalitarianism
Capitalism &
Democracy
The U.S. created a foreign policy called containment
to stop Soviet influence & the spread of communism
When the USSR began to pressure Greece & Turkey
to turn communist, the U.S. created the
Truman Doctrine, promising economic & military
help to any nation threatened by communism
T=
The Truman Doctrine
worked & neither
Greece nor Turkey
fell to communism
European nations had difficulty recovering after
WWII which led to fears of communism in Europe
The U.S. created the
Marshall Plan which
offered $13 billion to help
rebuild post-war Europe
M=
By 1952, Western Europe
recovered & Communism
never took root
Marshall
Plan to
Aid
Europe
1948-1952
In 1948, the USSR used military force to turn
Czechoslovakia to communism; This led to fears that
Stalin would use similar tactics in Western Europe
In 1949, the United
States formed the
North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
(NATO): a military
alliance among
democratic
countries in Europe
& North America
At the end of
WWII, Germany
was divided into
zones occupied
by the USA,
Britain, France,
& the USSR
Berlin, the
German capital,
was also divided
but was located
in the Soviet zone
In 1948, Stalin tried to turn
all of Berlin communist &
ordered the Berlin Blockade
which shut down all ground
transportation to West Berlin
In response, the U.S. began the Berlin Airlift
For 11 months, U.S.
& British planes
supplies landed in
Berlin to bring food,
fuel, & supplies
Stalin admitted
defeat & lifted the
blockade in 1949
The United States
successfully kept
West Berlin from
turning communist
From 1945 to 1949,
But over the next 40 years,
the United States
the Cold War intensified as
successfully contained communism spread to Asia,
communism in Europe Africa, and Latin America
The Cold War intensified as new nuclear weapons were
introduced; espionage (spying ) increased;
& proxy wars broke out in Korea, Vietnam, & Afghanistan
■ Essential Question:
–How did the arms race & space
race escalate the Cold War
between the United States & the
Soviet Union?
From 1945 to 1991, the USA & USSR used
a variety of strategies to win the Cold War
In the early years of the Cold War (1945-1949),
the USA used a containment policy to successfully
stop the spread of communism in Europe
Marshall
Plan
NATO
Berlin Airlift
Truman Doctrine
When communism spread to
China in 1949, the USA feared
the “domino theory” &
became more aggressive in its
efforts to stop communism
The USA went to war in
Korea to defend South Korea
from communism
The Soviet Union supplied
weapons to the communists
in North Korea during the war
The type of indirect fight
between the USA & USSR
is called a “proxy war”
Proxy wars broke out in Korea, Vietnam, & Afghanistan
From 1949 to 1970, the Cold War escalated as a result
of a nuclear arms race, space race, & espionage
The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949
when the USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb
The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led
to a nuclear arms race between the USA & USSR
In 1952, the USA tested the
The Soviet Union
first hydrogen bomb which
responded by
is 1,000 times more powerful
detonating its own
than the atomic bomb
hydrogen bomb in 1953
By 1959, both the USA & USSR developed rockets
called intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
that could deliver nuclear warheads to distant targets
U.S.
Polaris
Submarine
Soviet
Transporter
Erector Launcher (TEL)
U.S. Titan ICMB from the 1960s
Soviet ICMBs from 1960-1975
In the 1950s, U.S. President Eisenhower escalated the
Cold War by using brinkmanship: threatening to use
nuclear weapons & willingness to go to the brink of war
If the USSR
attacked a NATO
member,
the U.S. would
use massive
retaliation:
attack every
major Soviet city
& military target
As a result,
the USA & USSR
began stockpiling
nuclear weapons
& building up
their militaries
With the USA & USSR in possession of large nuclear
stockpiles, each side could destroy each other:
this was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Throughout the
Cold War, the
USA & USSR
looked for ways
to gain first
strike capability
Sputnik shocked Americans
In 1957, the USSR
who feared the U.S. had
used its first ICBM to
fallen behind the USSR in
launch Sputnik, the
science & technology
first satellite into space
As a result of Sputnik, the Cold War escalated into a
space race to show American & Soviet dominance
In 1958, the USA created
The USSR repeatedly
National Aeronautics &
beat the USA in space
Space Administration
by launching the first
(NASA) to catch up to the
man into orbit &
USSR…
…U.S. schools promoted
orbiting the moon
math, science, & technology
NASA’s original seven NASA
Mercury astronauts
In 1962, President John
Kennedy committed the USA
to beating the Soviet Union
in the race to the moon
In 1969, Apollo 11 landed
U.S. astronauts on the moon
During the Cold War, the USA & USSR created
intelligence agencies, the CIA and KGB, in order
to spy and carry out covert operations
The USA & USSR
used spies to
gather intelligence
U.S. & Soviet spy
planes
gathered
Convicted spies
information
also
Julius
& Ethel Rosenberg
CIAescalated
overthrew
of
The ColdThe
War
asthe
thegovernments
threat of communism
Iran
& the
Guatemala
in Egypt,
spread
into
Middle and
East,intervened
Africa, & Latin
America
Bolivia, Chile, & Cuba to stop communism
The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the United States
& Soviet Union to a near nuclear war in 1962