Transcript Muckrakers - Cherokee County Schools

Muckrakers
 Journalists
 Exposed the truth
 Early 1900’s
 Upton Sinclair
 Ida Tarbell
 The Jungle
 Food, Inc.
 FDA
Upton Sinclair
 The Jungle
 Muckraker
 Meat packing industry
 Book led to legislation
 FDA
 FDR
 Food Inspection Act
 Pure Food and Drug Act
Ida Tarbell
 Exposed unfair business practices in the oil
industry
 Investigative journalist
 Rockefellers
 Standard Oil
 Teacher
 Muckraker
 Wrote “The History of Standard Oil”
Hull House
 Settlement house
 Chicago
 Ellen Gates Starr founded this
 Helped refugees
 First of its kind
 Apartments for immigrants / women
Initiative
 Proposed law that comes from the people
 Does not come from lawmakers
 Progressive Era
 Legislative measure
 Has to go through legislative process
 Can be added to legislation as a referendum
Referendum
 Where a proposed bill can be voted on by
the people
 Gave people more say in government
 Used in some cases to recall government
officials
Recall
 To remove a public official from office
 Vote of the people not the government
 Usually voted on in a referendum
 20 states had adopted referendum, recall,
and/or initiative procedures by 1920
 Part of political reforms of the Progressive
Era
Direct election of the Senators
 17th amendment
 People voted for senators
 No longer appointed by state legislatures
 1912
 People have more say in federal government
 Part of the Progressive Era
Jim Crow
 Segregation laws in the south
 New way of enslaving African-Americans
without “slavery”
 Black codes
 Got rid of all blacks’ rights
 Mostly aimed at keeping blacks from voting
 Led to the Freedmen’s Bureau
Plessy v. Ferguson
 1896 segregation in public places is legal
 Established “separate but equal” clause
 Second major racial Landmark Supreme
Court case
 Last 60 years until Brown v. Board of
Education
 Enforced judicial review
NAACP
 National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People
 Racial equality
 Founded in 1909
 Booker T. Washington
 Non-violent means to equality
Anti-immigration sentiment
 Lead to immigration restrictions
 Nativism
 Chinese-Exclusion Act
 Low wage jobs
 Quota system
 Nationalism
 Continues into today
Chinese Exclusion Act
 Prohibited all Chinese except students,
teachers, merchants, tourists, and
government officials from entering the US
 1882
 Limited the number of Chinese immigrants
 Discrimination in the Railroad industry
Spanish-American War
 America wanted to free Cuba from Spanish
control
 Triggered by the sinking of the USS Maine
 Treaty of Paris ended it in 1898
 Rough Riders
 America gained the Philippines
 Teddy Roosevelt
 “Big Stick” Policy
 Showed America as a major world power
American Expansionism
 Expand the size of the nation under
imperialism
 Manifest Destiny (economically)
 Hawaii, Philippines, etc.
 Alaska
 Increase military strength
 Puerto Rico
Philippine-American War
 Led by Aguinaldo
 Revolt against the US
 Revolting against annexation by the US
 Revolt was stopped by US
 US did not annex the Philippines
Roosevelt Corollary
 Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
 We would protect the western hemisphere
against European interference
 1904
 Spread democracy
 World police
 Our right to protect economic interest by
military intervention if necessary
Panama Canal
 aided in trade between coasts
 Connected the Atlantic and the Pacific
 Opened in 1914
 Gave it back to Panama eventually
 Built by US
 Helped Panamanians gain freedom from
Colombia
 Took 10 years
 51 miles long
U.S. Neutrality
 Attempt to stay out of international wars
 Lend-Lease Act
 Isolationism
 Not successful
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 Use of subs against non-military vessels
 Lusitania
 WWI
 German U-boats
 TOTAL WAR
 Caused US to enter the war (one reason)
Great Migration
 Movement of African-Americans from
South to North
 During WWI
 Following the jobs
 Growth of cities in the north
 Harlem Renaissance
 Early 20th century
Espionage Act
 Law against speaking out against the war
effort
 Passed along side the Alien and Sedition
Acts
 1917
 Jailed and fined for speaking out
 Determined unconstitutional because it
went against 1st amendment
Eugene V. Debs
 American Railroad Union
 Wanted skilled workers
 Leader of the democratic socialist party
 Ran for president from jail
 Arrested for protesting the war
th
18
Amendment
 Prohibition
 1919
 Led to speakeasies
 Led to bootlegging
 Gangs, organized crime (MOB)
 Later repealed by 21st amendment
 Al Capone
th
19
amendment
 Women’s right to vote
 1920
 Result of women involvement in WWI
 Seneca Falls Convention
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Susan B. Anthony
Fourteen Points
 Woodrow Wilson’s plan to make peace after
WWI
 Congress did NOT agree to join the League
of Nations
 Opposed by nations that wanted to punish
Germany for WWI
League of Nations
 Established in 1920 to promote international
cooperation and peace
 Mostly European
 First attempt at Global Peace keeping body
 Henry Cabot Law
 US did not join
Communism
 Economic and political system based on a
one party government (totalitarianism)
 China
 Russian Revolution 1917 and the creation of
the USSR
 Everyone is equal
 Red Scare
Socialism
 Government control of business and
property and equal distribution of wealth
 Communism Lite
 Economic system opposite of capitalism
Red Scare
 Fear of the spread of communism after
WWI
 After the Bolshevik Revolution
 Resulted in immigration legislation
 Communist political party was formed in US
 Share Our Wealth program - Huey Long
Immigration Restrictions
 Immigrants were required to pass literacy
tests
 Quota system 1921
 Fear of communism
 Ellis and Angel Island
 Gentlemen’s Agreement
 Southern and Eastern European Immigrants
Radio
 1920’s brought families together
 Entertainment
 News
 Advertising
 Roaring Twenties
 Presidential Elections
 Fireside talks
 “War of the Worlds”
Movies
 1920’s = silent movies and black/white
 Entertainment
 Charlie Chaplin
 Buster Keaton
 Wizard of Oz
 New era of movie stars
 Influenced fashion
 Clara Bow
Jazz
 Harlem Renaissance
 Louis Armstrong
 Flappers
 Louisiana
 Improv
 1920s
 New Orleans
 Charleston
Harlem Renaissance
 Revival of African-American culture and art
 Langston Hughes
 Didn’t last long
 Ended by Great Depression
 Louis Armstrong
Langston Hughes
 African American author during the Harlem
Renaissance
 Poet
 Russian friend (communist)
 Wrote about the troubles of being AfricanAmerican
Louis Armstrong
 Famous musician during the Harlem
Renaissance
 Trumpet
 New Orleans
 Chicago jazz musician
Tin Pan Alley
 Composers and lyricists
 Sub-genre of Jazz movement
 Irving Berlin
 Manhattan and other parts of New York City
 Place of music
Irving Berlin
 Playwright and composer
 Wrote “White Christmas” and “God Bless
America”
 Part of “Tin Pan Alley” Movement
 Publisher
 150 songs
Mass Production
 Henry Ford
 1920s
 Sped up production
 Made cars affordable
 Cheaper labor
 Contributed to
urbanization
 Assembly line
 Led to overproduction
 Faster, more economic,
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efficient way of production
Model T
Interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney
Cotton gin
Stock Market crash
 Black Tuesday
 10/29/1929
 Contributing factor of the Great Depression
 Caused by buying on margin
 Caused closing of banks
 Risky bank loans
Great Depression
 Extended economic
recession
 Hoovervilles
 New Deal
 FDR
 1929-1940
 25% unemployment
 Highest suicide rate
 Global effect
 After WWI
 Inflation
 Over-production
 Under consumption
 Use of credit
 Wages not increasing
Dust Bowl
 Farming over-production
 Drought
 West
 1930s
 AAA –
 Led to farmers moving to California
 Not using crop rotation
 Over grazing
 Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico
Hooverville
 Thought Hoover was the cause of the Great
Depression
 Shantytowns
 Unemployed, homeless people
 All over the US
 Named after president Hoover
Tennessee Valley Authority
 Part of the New Deal
 Dams and bridges along the Tennessee River
Valley
 Created jobs
 Provided electricity
 1933
 Provided economic development in the
Tennessee Valley
Second New Deal
 Roosevelt
 1934-1935
 Great depression
 Court Packing Bill
 Social Security
 TVA
 CCC
 AAA
 FDIC
Wagner Act
 Collective bargaining
 Re-established the NIRA
 promoted labor unions
 Limited ways employers could react to labor unions
 Established in 1935
 Protected workers’ rights
 Better hours - higher wages
 Can’t fire people for being in a union
Industrial Revolution
 Growth of cities
 Machines were used more
 Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and

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
transport
Hand tools were used less
Change in social and economic organization
People got factory jobs
Mass production
Assembly line
Henry Ford
Social Security Act
 New Deal
 Retired, elderly, disabled
 Most costly part of the New Deal
 Increased taxes
 Guaranteed retirement for some
 Still exists today
 Helped families with disabled children
 1935
 FDR
Eleanor Roosevelt
 Social reformer
 Accepted blacks into the White House
 Advocate for civil rights
 FDR’s wife
 Roosevelt’s eyes and ears
 Women’s rights
 Children’s advocate
Huey Long
 Socialist
 “Share Our Wealth”
 U.S. senator
 Supported social programs
 Thought the New Deal was not enough
 Turned against Roosevelt
 Communist
 Very popular
 Assassinated
Neutrality Acts
 Came from nationalism / isolationism
 Foreign policy of the late 1930s and early 1940s
 Prevented the US from being drawn into war
 1935
 No sale of weapons to countries that were at war
 Loosened by the Lend-Lease Act
Court Packing Bill
 Roosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme Court so the
New Deal could not be challenged
 Addition of 6 new members
 Did not pass!!!
 1937
 Wanted younger more liberal people on the court
A. Philip Randolph
 Key Civil Rights leader before and during WWII
 Won Roosevelt’s support for equality in the workforce
(war industries)
 Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
 Negotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights and
workers’ rights
 Stopped march on DC because of Roosevelt’s executive
order about hiring practices
Pearl Harbor
 December 7, 1941
 Triggered American involvement in WWII
 Bombing by Japan
 Sneak attack
 Hawaii
 Main targets were saved because they were out to sea
 Ninja skills
Internment
 Camps for Japanese Americans
 Fear of spies
 Germans, Italians
 Holding people without cause
 Mostly in the west
 Violates civil rights
 During WWII here in the US
Mobilization
 Assemble troops for war
 Private sector switches to wartime manufacturing
 Getting troops and supplies ready for war
 Happened very quickly after Pearl Harbor
 DRAFT
 Pulled a lot of people out of school
 Women to work
 More people volunteered than were drafted
Wartime Conservation
 Rationing
 Recycling drives
 Rubber
 Scrap metal
 Save supplies for troops
 Coupons
 War bonds
 Increased Patriotism
Rationing
 Gas
 Food items (coupon books)
 Sugar
 Coffee
 Meat
 Pantyhose
 Rubber
Lend-Lease Act
 Way around the Neutrality Acts
 Allowed US to aid countries that were essential to the
safety of the USA!
 Loophole in Neutrality Acts
 Lend arms to Great Britain in return for some small
islands and being able to set up military bases
 1941
Battle of Midway
 Turning point of WWII in the Pacific
 Japanese plans were decoded and they lost
 Americans intercepted Japanese fighter planes
 Sunk 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers
 Japanese never recovered after this
 June 1942
D-Day
 6-6-44
 Normandy beaches
 Lots of troops
 Largest beach landing in history
 Bloodiest, longest battle of WWII
 largest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000
 Largest US involvement in the War in Europe
 Dwight D. Eisenhower
 Operation Overlord
 Sneak Attack
Battle of Berlin
 Russia against Germany
 Germans retreated to the west to surrender to GB and
France
 1945
 Hitler did not leave Berlin
 Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife killed
herself
 Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB, and
USA
Atom Bomb
 Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Manhattan Project
 Los Alamos
 Decision made by Truman
 Fat Man
 Little Boy
 Ended WWII in the Pacific
 Einstein
 Enola Gay
 Started the Cold War
Los Alamos
 Test site of the Atomic Bomb
 New Mexico
 Manhattan Project location
 Radiation fallout
 Very secret
Manhattan Project
 Code name for atomic bomb testing and development
 Albert Einstein
 Los Alamos, New Mexico
 Indirect cause of the Cold War and increased tensions
with USSR
 Building of the Atomic Bomb
 Very secret
Marshall Plan
 1947-1951
 Economic aid to European countries under threat from
the Soviets
 Led to the Berlin Airlift
 Plan to reconstruct European economies after WWII
 Made Russia angry
 Fighting the spread of communism
Containment
 Prevent the spread of communism
 Offspring of the Truman Doctrine
 Foreign policy after WWII and throughout the Cold
War
 Cause of US involvement in Korea and Vietnam
 Prevent the domino effect / theory
Truman Doctrine
 Offered military as well as economic aid
 Aimed at protecting the world against the Domino
Theory of the spread of communism
 Issued by President Truman
 1947
Korean War
 38th parallel – divides North and South Korea
 1950-1953
 US and other UN countries fought with South Korea
against North Korea and China
 No real change because of outcome
 US and South winning until China came to the aid of
North Korea
 Fighting the spread of communism
Chinese Civil War
 Between the communists and nationalists
 Mao Ze Dong
 Ho Chi Minh
 Communism is established in China
 1944-1947
McCarthyism
 Red Scare
 “Witch hunt” for communists
 The Crucible
 Begun by Senator Joseph McCarthy
 Accusations were mostly unfounded
 Early 1950’s
 Black listed many celebrities
 Eventually faded out
Cuban Revolution
 Fidel Castro
 Brought communism VERY close to home
 Allied with the Soviet Union
 Bay of Pigs
 Led to the Cuban missile crisis
 Most of the revolutionaries weren’t Cuban
Bay of Pigs
 One of JFK’s biggest mistakes
 Lacked full support of the U.S. government
 Did NOT work
 1961
 CIA did not have enough information about resistance
 Ended friendly relations between the US and Cuba
 Led by Cuban refugees
Cuban Missile Crisis
 Missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States
 Capable of reaching as far as Seattle
 1962
 Closest we have ever come to nuclear war
 13 Days
 Peak of the Cold War
 Soviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive purposes
Vietnam War
 US eventually pulled out
 Tet Offensive
 Agent orange
 Charlie
 Student Protests
 Across the Universe
 First US involvement in war that was not considered a US
victory
 Vietcong
 huge anti-war movement
Tet Offensive
 January 1968
 10 month long offensive against the South Vietnamese
and the US
 Ended attrition
 Surprise attack by the Vietcong
 Won the war for North Vietnam
Baby Boom
 Population increase
 SEX
 Big impact on Social Security
 1945-1965
 Peak was in 1957 – 4 million babies were born
 Lack of education
 Soldiers getting back from the war
Levittown
 Long Island
 First suburb, led to more suburbs around the country
 Mass production of housing
 New York
 Led to need for Highway Act
 William Levitt
Interstate Highway Act
 Result of increase in suburbs
 Transport military equipment
 Connect all major US cities
 Eisenhower
 1956
Kennedy/Nixon presidential
Debate
 First televised presidential debate
 Influenced popular opinion
 Women voted for JFK
 Kennedy was more appealing to the people
 JFK was coached on appearance and body language
 JFK had more charisma
 Nixon had more foreign policy knowledge
 1960 election
TV News Coverage of the Civil
Rights Movement
 Caused sympathy for the movement
 Angered Americans witnessing violence
 Caused more awareness
 Led to legislation about Civil Rights and individual
liberties
Technology of the 1970’s
 Personal Computer
 Beginnings of cell phones
 APPLE
 Free-standing public telephone booth
 Entertainment
Sputnik I
 Russian satellite
 Space race
 Increased Cold War Tensions
 1957
 First artificial satellite
 Americans became fearful of spies
 Eisenhower
Jackie Robinson
 First African-American baseball player in the major
league
 Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers
 First African American inducted into the baseball hall
of fame
 Broke the color barrier for all professional sports
Harry Truman
 33rd president
 Acknowledged Israel as a sovereign nation
 Issued the Truman Doctrine
 FDR’s vice president
 1945-1953
 Chose to use the atom bomb
Brown v. Board of Education
 Separate but equal clause is not constitutional
 Integrated schools
 Led to the Civil Rights Act
 1954
 Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
 Third major landmark Supreme Court Case dealing
with race
 Under the Warren Court
Martin Luther King, Jr.
 Civil rights leader
 Letter from Birmingham Jail
 Assassinated in Memphis 1968
 Preacher
 Non-violent
 I Have a Dream
 Very young African-American activist
Letter From Birmingham Jail
 MLK, Jr.
 Garnered support for non-violent protests
 Now is the time!
 Asking for support from white southern Christian
leaders
 Call to Action for people to be non-violent
I Have a Dream Speech
 Washington, D.C.
 250,000 people present
 MLK, Jr.
 Blacks and whites unite
 1963
 Lincoln Memorial
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Warren Court
Miranda v. Arizona
Assassination of President
Kennedy
Great Society
Medicare
Tet Offensive
Assassination of Martin Luther
King, Jr.
Assassination of Robert F.
Kennedy
1968 Democratic National
Convention
SCLC
SNCC
Sit-ins
Freedom Rides
Anti-Vietnam War Movement
Women’s Movement
National Organization of
Women
United Farm Workers
Movement
Cesar Chavez
Environmental Movement
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson
Earth Day
Environmental Protection
Agency
Conservative Movement
Barry Goldwater
Richard M. Nixon
Roe v. Wade
Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke
Nixon’s visit to China
Watergate Scandal
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Camp David Accords
Iranian Revolution
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Ronald Reagan
Reagnomics
Iran-Contra Scandal
Collapse of the Soviet Union
Bill Clinton
North American Free Trade
Agreement NAFTA
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
Electoral College
George W. Bush
Operation Enduring Freedom
War on Terrorism
Operation Iraqi Freedom