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QUIT
6
Launching the New Nation
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
MAP
SECTION
1 Washington Heads the New Government
SECTION
2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
SECTION
3 Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
SECTION
4 The War of 1812
VISUAL SUMMARY
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Launching the New Nation
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To describe major domestic and foreign problems
faced by the leaders of the new Republic such as
maintaining national security and creating a stable
economic system of government
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Launching the New Nation
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
You are a teacher in a small town on the western frontier in
1789. You ask your students what the new government means
to them. A girl whose parents own the general store says that
her father worries about taxes. Her brother says that he wants
to join the army. A boy from a small farm in the backcountry
replies that the government is only for town people.
How can a government truly represent all of
its citizens?
Examine the Issues
• How can a government win people’s trust?
• How can a government build a unified nation out of a people with
diverse interests and concerns?
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Launching the New Nation
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1789 George Washington is elected president.
1789 The French Revolution begins.
1792 George Washington is reelected president.
1794 The Whiskey Rebellion breaks out.
1791 Slaves revolt in Saint Domingue, now
known as Haiti.
1793 French King Louis XVI is executed in the
French Revolution.
1796 John Adams is elected president.
1799 Napoleon Bonaparte seizes control of the
French government.
1800 Thomas Jefferson is elected president.
1801 Act of Union, uniting Great Britain and
Ireland, goes into effect.
continued . . .
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Launching the New Nation
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1803 France and the United States sign the
Louisiana Purchase. Thomas Jefferson is
reelected president.
1804 Haiti declares itself independent from
France.
1807 Great Britain outlaws the slave
trade.
1808 James Madison is elected president.
1812 James Madison is reelected.
1814 The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812.
1815 Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.
1816 James Monroe is elected president.
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Washington Heads the New Government
KEY IDEA
President Washington transformed the
ideas of the Constitution into a real
government.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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Washington Heads the New Government
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Cabinet, an institution
Washington created, is still a key
element of every presidential
administration.
President Washington
transformed the ideas of the
Constitution into a real
government.
TERMS & NAMES
• Judiciary Act of 1789
• Cabinet
• Bank of the United States
• Alexander Hamilton
• excise tax
• Democratic-Republicans
• two-party system
• protective tariff
ASSESSMENT
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Washington Heads the New Government
ASSESSMENT
1. List the leaders, beliefs, and goals of the country’s first
two political parties.
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Federalists like Hamilton supported
commerce and industry, strong
central government, the educated
upper class, loose interpretation of
the Constitution, and a national
bank.
Democratic-Republicans like
Jefferson supported agriculture,
weak central government, the
common people, strict interpretation
of the Constitution, and opposed a
national bank.
continued . . .
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Washington Heads the New Government
ASSESSMENT
2. How would you judge President Washington’s
decision to put two such opposed thinkers as Hamilton
and Jefferson in his cabinet? Think About:
• both men’s merits
• their philosophies
• the conflicts that developed
ANSWER
Pro: Washington was a strong, confident leader with the ability
to choose brilliant advisors and listen to both sides of an issue.
Con: Conflicting advisors divided the Cabinet and undermined
Washington’s leadership.
continued . . .
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Washington Heads the New Government
ASSESSMENT
3. How was the Whiskey Rebellion an opportunity for
the federal government to demonstrate its authority?
ANSWER
The government’s response to the rebellion demonstrated
its ability to enforce federal law, even on the frontier
where the rebellion occurred.
continued . . .
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Washington Heads the New Government
ASSESSMENT
4. Would you have supported Hamilton’s economic plan?
Explain why or why not. Think About:
• the money problems the nation faced
• other problems the nation faced
ANSWER
Pro: Hamilton proposed a national bank that would
consolidate debts and assume the states’ debts.
Con: Hamilton was biased in favor of the rich and the
Northern states.
End of Section 1
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Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
KEY IDEA
Events in Europe sharply divided American
public opinion in the late 18th century.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Events in Europe sharply
divided American public
opinion in the late 18th
century.
Foreign policy remains a key
element of every presidential
administration.
TERMS & NAMES
• sectionalism
• John Jay
• Alien and Sedition Acts
• XYZ Affair
• neutrality
• Thomas Pinckney
• Edmond Genêt
• Little Turtle
• nullification
ASSESSMENT
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Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
ASSESSMENT
1. List some of the disputes mentioned in this section.
Indicate the dispute and summarize each side’s arguments.
Dispute: U.S. Attitudes Towards French Revolution
Pro: historic ties, struggle against tyranny
Con: Reign of Terror, against another war
with England
Dispute: Jay’s Treaty
Pro: British leave Northwest Territory
posts.
Con: British continue fur trade in U.S.
territory. British seize American ships.
Dispute: War with France
Pro: France seizes American ships.
Con: Adams refuses war, finds diplomatic
solution.
continued . . .
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Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you agree with the Democratic–Republicans that
the Alien and Sedition Acts were a violation of the First
Amendment? Were they necessary? Think About:
• the intent of the First Amendment
• what was happening in Europe
• what was happening in America
ANSWER
Agree: Acts violate freedom of speech, specifically a citizen’s right
to criticize the policies of John Adams’s Federalist administration.
Disagree: Young government needs to protect itself from
Democratic–Republicans sowing discontent.
continued . . .
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Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
ASSESSMENT
3. Should the United States have officially supported the
French revolutionaries against the British? Think About:
• Federalist and Republican attitudes toward France
and Great Britain
• the Reign of Terror
• U.S. gratitude to France for its support against Britain
ANSWER
Yes: Americans owed France a favor in exchange for support
during the American Revolution; Treaty of 1778 between
France and the United States.
No: Reign of Terror; beheading of Louis XVI; Edmond Genêt
End of Section 2
incident
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3
Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
KEY IDEA
The United States expanded its borders
during Thomas Jefferson’s administration.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The United States expanded
its borders during Thomas
Jefferson’s administration.
Part or all of 15 states now
occupy the territory Jefferson
acquired in the Louisiana
Purchase.
TERMS & NAMES
• Lewis and Clark
• Sacajawea
• Judiciary Act of 1801
• midnight judges
• Aaron Burr
• Marbury v. Madison
• judicial review
• John Marshall
• Louisiana Purchase
ASSESSMENT
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Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
ASSESSMENT
1. List the major accomplishments of Jefferson’s
presidency and the significance of each.
Event
Significance
Simplified the presidency
Introduced Democratic–Republican
principles
Louisiana Purchase
Expanded size of the U.S.
Louise and Clark expedition
Increased knowledge of the West
continued . . .
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MAP
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Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
ASSESSMENT
2. How did the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and
Clark expedition affect the expansion of the United
States?
ANSWER
With the Purchase, the country received a great deal of
land. The expedition provided valuable information
about the new territory that would help settlers survive
there.
continued . . .
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Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
ASSESSMENT
3. Why was Marbury v. Madison such an important
case? Think About:
• Judge Marshall’s decision
• its effects on the future
ANSWER
It affirmed the principle of judicial review. The Supreme
Court could declare a law—such as the Judiciary Act of
1789—unconstitutional and thus be an effective check
on the legislative branch.
End of Section 3
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The War of 1812
KEY IDEA
War broke out again between the United States
and Britain in 1812.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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The War of 1812
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
War broke out again between
the United States and Britain
in 1812.
The War of 1812 confirmed
American independence and
strengthened nationalism.
TERMS & NAMES
• impressment
• blockade
• Treaty of Ghent
• Tecumseh
• embargo
• Andrew Jackson
• armistice
• war hawk
• William Henry Harrison
ASSESSMENT
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The War of 1812
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Explain the reasons why the war hawks wanted war
with Great Britain.
British seizure of American
ships and impressment of
American citizens
War
British Canadian
supply of arms to Native
Americans
Chesapeake incident
continued . . .
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The War of 1812
ASSESSMENT
2. What was the most important achievement of the
U.S. in this period? Think About:
• relations between the U.S. and Britain
• the results of the war
ANSWER
The War of 1812 confirmed American independence and
strengthened nationalism.
continued . . .
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The War of 1812
ASSESSMENT
3. Even though it was fought after an armistice had been
signed, why was the Battle of New Orleans an important
victory for the Americans?
ANSWER
By defeating a force that was superior to the U.S. in
size and strength, Jackson demonstrated that America
was a powerful military force.
continued . . .
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The War of 1812
ASSESSMENT
4. Do you think that Tecumseh’s confederacy helped or
hurt the cause of Native Americans? Think About:
• the loss of Native American lands
• the reluctance of certain tribes to join the confederacy
• Tecumseh’s role in the War of 1812
ANSWER
Helped: The confederacy formed a united front against
the growing numbers of settlers moving into Native
American territory.
Hurt: Because some of the tribes refused to join, the
confederacy exposed internal weaknesses among the
Native Americans.
End of Section 4