Transcript Power Point Notes - private.watertown.k12.sd.us

The president of the United States exercises
great powers, especially in the area of foreign
policy. Even with the best advice of military and
diplomatic experts, the U.S. president must
make final, sometimes agonizing, decisions
about the lives and safety of Americans.
President Johnson confessed his deep worries
about the growing conflict in Vietnam in these
words: “I stayed awake last night thinking of this
thing [the conflict] ...It looks to me like we are
getting into another Korea ...I don’t think we can
fight them more than 10,000 miles away from
home ...And I don’t think that we can get out.”
I. Goals of Foreign Policy (pages 607–609)
A. Foreign policy guides the nation’s relations
with other countries.
B. Principal goals of American foreign policy:
1) preserve the security of the United States;
2) maintain trade and preserve access to
natural resources;
3) work for world peace;
4) aid democratic nations and help
create democracies;
5) provide help for victims of
natural disasters.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
A. In the early years the nation’s leaders
followed a path of isolationism.
B. In 1823 the Monroe Doctrine ended
the isolationism.
C. By the 1890s the United States had become
a world power.
D. The United States became involved in
foreign wars in 1898, 1917, and 1941.
E. After World War II the United States
struggled with the Soviet Union in the Cold
War, leading to a costly arms race between
the two superpowers.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
F. The United States adopted a policy known
as containment to keep Soviet communism
from expanding its power.
G. The Truman Doctrine in 1947 outlined the
Marshall Plan, providing economic aid to
nations threatened by totalitarian regimes.
H. The United States fought two wars that were
the consequence of containment: the
Korean War (1950–1953) and the Vietnam
War (1964–1973).
I. In 1989 the Soviet Union collapsed, splitting
into Russia and 14 other separate nations;
this ended the Cold War and changed the
political environment of the world.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
J. In the years after the Cold War, the United
States sent troops to Iraq, Somalia, Haiti,
and the former Yugoslavia in order to protect
American trade interests, encourage
democracy, and advance human rights.
K. In the Persian Gulf War, the United States
defended Kuwait against Iraq, protected
American oil interests in the Middle East,
and began programs aimed at preventing
Iraq from developing weapons of
mass destruction.
II. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613)
L. The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on
the United States led to President George
W. Bush’s war on terrorism and the
preemptive invasion of Iraq.
M. After the initial military deployment, the
United States kept a large number of troops
in Iraq and pledged long-term aid toward the
development of a stable democratic
government there.
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
E foreign policy
___
D national security
___
A isolationism
___
B internationalism
___
C containment
A. the avoidance of
involvement in world affairs
B. involvement in world affairs
C. the policy designed to keep
the Soviet Union from
expanding its power
D. protection of a nation’s
borders and territories
against invasion or control
by foreign powers
E. the strategies and goals that
guide a nation’s relations
with other countries
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify Cold War, preemption.
The Cold War was a war of words and
ideologies rather than a shooting war between
the United States and the Soviet Union.
Preemption means that the United States will
strike first with military force against any terrorist
groups or rogue states that might threaten the
nation with weapons of mass destruction.
Checking for Understanding
5. How did the United States carry out its
policy of containment?
The United States carried out its policy of
containment through economic and military aid
to nations threatened by communism.
In October 1983 President Ronald Reagan
sent U.S. marines and paratroopers to the
island of Grenada in the Caribbean. He took
this action to oust an anti-American Marxist
regime that was friendly to the Soviet Union.
As commander in chief, President Reagan
was empowered to order this military action;
however, he did so without asking Congress
to declare war.
I. Presidential Powers and
Responsibilities (pages 614–615)
A. The Constitution makes the president
commander in chief, and it gives the
president diplomatic powers.
B. As head of state the president symbolizes
the leadership and the policies of the
United States.
II. Foreign Policy Advisors (pages 615–617)
A. Presidents have final responsibility for
foreign policy decisions.
B. Important advisers include the secretaries
of state and defense and the national
security adviser.
C. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
gathers and coordinates information about
other nations and advises the president.
D. Presidents also consult government
foreign policy experts, trusted political
friends, and cabinet members.
III. Powers of Congress
(pages 617–619)
A. The president directs United States foreign
policy; Congress plays an important role
based on Constitutional powers.
B. Only Congress has the power to declare war.
C. In 1973 lawmakers passed the War Powers
Act, which forbids the president from sending
armed forces into combat for more than 60
days without the consent of Congress.
D. Congress can refuse to provide funds for
military action.
III. Powers of Congress
(pages 617–619)
E. The Senate must approve all treaties
negotiated by the president.
F. The Senate can overturn the president’s
granting of most favored nation status.
IV. The President and Congress (pages 619–620)
A. Congress passes most foreign policy bills and
treaties the president proposes although it
could block presidential foreign policy
proposals and even initiate policies of its own.
B. Presidents’ policies have enjoyed bipartisan
support in Congress.
IV. The President and Congress (pages 619–620)
C. The president has advantages over
Congress in conducting foreign policy.
1) As head of state, the president is the
leader of the entire nation, and only
the president can speak for the
United States.
2) The president receives advice daily from
the Department of State and the National
Security Council, in order to respond
rapidly to events.
V. Influence of Public Opinion (page 620)
A. Both the president and Congress are
influenced by public opinion.
B. Organized interest groups may affect foreign
policy bills.
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___
A ambassador
___
D treaty
A. an official of the government
who represents the nation in
diplomatic matters
___
B executive
agreement
B. an agreement made between
the president and a head of
state
___
C bipartisan
C. consisting of members of
both major political parties
D. a formal agreement between
the governments of two or
more countries
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify secretary of state, national security
adviser, Central Intelligence Agency.
The secretary of state supervises all the
diplomatic activities of the American
government.
The national security adviser serves as the
director of the National Security Council and
plays a major role in foreign affairs.
The Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA, is
responsible for gathering and coordinating
information about the governments, economies,
and armed forces of other nations.
Millions of Americans who travel to foreign
countries each year on vacation or on
business trips have one thing in common;
they need a passport. U.S. citizens can
obtain a passport by paying a fee and
submitting to the Department of State proof
that they were born in the United States.
Passports include the place and date of birth
and a photograph of its holder.
I. The Department of State (pages 621–623)
A. The secretary of state, head of the
Department of State, advises the president
on foreign policy.
B. The Department of State has four main duties:
1) to keep the president informed about
international issues,
2) to maintain diplomatic relations with
foreign governments,
3) to negotiate treaties, and
4) to protect the interests of U.S.
citizens abroad.
I. The Department of State (pages 621–623)
C. The Department of State is organized into
six geographic bureaus that analyze
information about specific foreign policy
topics in those regions.
D. More than half of State Department
employees serve in other countries.
E. The United States maintains embassies in
the capitals of136 foreign countries where
U.S. ambassadors and their staffs reside.
I. The Department of State (pages 621–623)
F. Embassy staff members advise the State
Department about the politics and policies of
the host government.
G. The United States also maintains
consulates in major cities of foreign
nations to promote U.S. business interests
and safeguard travelers.
II. The Department of Defense (pages 623–625)
A. The Department of Defense (DOD)
supervises the armed forces of the United
States and ensures that those forces are
strong enough to defend its interests.
B. The Founders wanted to ensure that
civilians had the ultimate authority in military
affairs. Therefore, the president and
Congress control the armed forces.
C. The Department of Defense is the largest
executive department, with more than
700,000 civilian employees and about
1 million military personnel.
II. The Department of Defense (pages 623–625)
D. The Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air
Force are major divisions within the DOD.
The United States Marine Corps, under the
jurisdiction of the Navy, maintains its own
leadership, identity, and traditions.
E. The president, the National Security Council,
and the secretary of defense rely on the
Joint Chiefs of Staff or military advice.
F. The military has used two methods to recruit
soldiers: conscription, or the draft, and
volunteer enlistments.
G. Women as well as men may volunteer to
serve in any branch of today’s all volunteer
armed services.
II. The Department of Defense (pages 623–625)
Checking for Understanding
3. Identify Foreign Service, Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The Foreign Service includes officials who are
assigned to serve abroad in foreign countries.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff are the top-ranking
officers of the armed forces who advise the
president, the National Security Council, and
the secretary of defense on military matters.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
1. What do the cacti in this cartoon represent?
The cacti represent nations that the United
States must consider because of problems or
issues within these nations. These “thorny”
problems or issues have the potential to affect
other nations, including the United States.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
2. How does this cartoon characterize United
States foreign policy?
Foreign policy is a delicate issue; relations
among nations may be easily disrupted or
shattered by the participants themselves or
outside events.
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
3. How does this cartoon characterize a
president’s role in foreign policy?
A president must carefully plan and conduct his nation’s
foreign policy. The cartoonist shows President Clinton
walking through cacti with a balloon. The balloon—
representing foreign policy—may be easily burst if
Clinton does not plan his path and navigate well.
1) 3; Croatia, Albania, & Macedonia
2) Answers will vary.
3) the United States
and Canada
Investigating the Hostage Crisis In 1979 a group
of young extremists invaded the American embassy
in Tehran, Iran, and took 65 hostages, holding 52 of
them for more than a year. Investigate this event
and the diplomatic negotiations that took place in the
effort to free the hostages. How were the hostages
eventually freed? What might you have done if you
were making the foreign policy decisions in this
situation? Prepare a foreign policy proposal to
submit to the president outlining a course of action
and reasons for that action.
More About Military Benefits The GI Bill of
Rights, or Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, offers a
wide variety of benefits for veterans. Passed in
1944, the GI Bill made many veterans eligible for
vocational training as well as for dental and medical
care at veterans’ hospitals. It provided guaranteed
loans to buy or build a home. Amendments to the
bill have extended benefits to all veterans whether
they served in war or in peacetime.
Cold War The term Cold War was coined by
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Herbert Bayard
Swope, who first used it in a talk of his own in 1945
and then used it again in a draft of a speech he
wrote for Bernard Baruch. Thinking it was too
strong a term, Baruch dropped it from that speech,
which was given at the UN in 1946. By the following
year, however, he had changed his mind, saying,
“Let us not be deceived—today we are in the midst
of a cold war,” in a speech he gave at the unveiling
of his portrait at the state capitol in Columbia, South
Carolina. The term was popularized by columnist
Walter Lippmann.
A Pass for Passengers
Americans who want to travel to most foreign
countries—or return to the United States from
abroad—need a passport. Travelers can apply for
passports at one of 6,000 passport facilities in the
U.S. These agencies include many federal and
state courts, as well as some post offices, county
and city offices, and even some public libraries.
People applying for a passport for the first time
must show up in person with two photographs of
themselves, proof of U.S. citizenship, and a valid
photo ID. Currently, passports are good for 10
years and cost $55. Passports can usually be
renewed through the mail.
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