Transcript Secretary of State - Dallastown Area School District

The New Republic Begins
1789-1800
I don’t need
these anymore.
Launching the New Government
In this unit we will focus on these essential concepts:
1. Explore how George Washington set precedents for future
presidents.
2. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s plan to help the national debt.
3. Discuss Washington’s foreign policy plan.
4. Identify how political parties started in America.
5. Explain how a war with France was avoided.
6. Highlights of the Adam’s Administration.
The New Government
• George Washington was inaugurated as the First
President of the United States on April 30, 1789 in
New York City.
• Washington set many precedents as the first
President.
• Washington faced many economic problems in his
2 terms.
Washington’s Precedents
Precedent - a decision or action that sets an example
for others to follow
What are examples of precedents in your life?
Washington understood the position he was in:
“There is scarcely any part of my conduct
which may not be hereafter be drawn into
precedent.”
Washington’s Inauguration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgCQDZdlMdc
He looked “grave, almost to sadness”,
recalled one senator. Why was
President Washington so grave and
serious on the day he took office?
The future of his nation was full of
uncertainty. Many people, especially
the British, expected the nation to fall.
The Federal Court System
Judiciary Act of 1789
-established the scope of the
Judicial Branch of Government
John Jay – First
Chief Justice
(Today: John Roberts)
Supreme Court –
5 Associate Justices and 1 Chief Justice
(today 8 Associate Justices and 1 Chief Justice)
3 Federal Circuit Courts – one for
each region of the country (today 11)
13 Federal District Courts – one for
each state (today there are 94)
Washington’s Cabinet
Cabinet - A group of advisors to the President
Washington’s first Cabinet included:
Secretary of State -
Secretary of Treasury
-
Secretary of War -
Attorney General *Postmaster General
-
Choosing a Cabinet
Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson)
Secretary of the Treasury (Alexander Hamilton)
Secretary of War (Henry Knox)
Attorney General (Edmund Randolph)
Postmaster General (Samuel Osgood)
Battling the National Debt
•After the American Revolution, our country had a
huge national debt.
*National Debt - the amount a country owes to
creditors
*National Government and States both owed
money from the Revolution.
*National Government borrowed money by
selling bonds
Money Problems of the New Nation
Amount Owed
$77,228,000
Debt
4,269,000 to
run
government
Income
$ 4,399,000 from
tariffs
$ 19,000 from
other sources
$
Total: $ 81,497,000 Total: $ 4,418,000
Hamilton’s Plan to Repay the Debt
Buy up the bonds issued by the national and
state governments before 1789.
Step 1:
The national government would pay all debts
owed by the states (Assumption Bill)
Step 2:
We’ll pay all
your debts
Thank
You!
But we already
paid ours!
James Madison Leads the Opposition
Madison disliked Hamilton’s plan for 2 reasons:
1. Speculators would make a huge profit from the
government – would be paid “face value”
*Soldiers were paid in bonds and sold them to
speculators.(paid $.15 on the dollar)
2. Most Southern states already paid off their
debts.
Hamilton’s Compromise
1. Hamilton knew many Southerners wanted to move the
nation’s capital to the South.
2. The South agreed to pass Hamilton’s Plan if the capital
was moved.
A> The capital was agreed to be placed along the
Potomac River and between Maryland and VA.
B>. This area would be called the District of
Columbia.
3. The capital was moved from New York to Philadelphia
for 10 years while Washington D.C. was prepared.
Let’s take a look!
http://www.indospectrum.com
Hamilton’s National Bank
• The Bank of the United States was established in 1791.
The Bank of the United States
• Modeled after the British National Bank
• Stock would be sold to raise capital (money)
– Government would retain 20%
– 80% sold to private investors
– 1 share cost $400 – would have 25,000 shares
to start
– Profits to pay down debt
– Banks placed in major cities (New York and
Philadelphia
Helping American Business
Tariffs and Protective Tariffs
Tariff - A tax on an imported good or item
What items have tariffs placed on them today?
Protective Tariff - a tax that protects American business
from foreign competition.
Before
After the
the tariff,
items cost
this much
tariff, items
cost this
much
The French Revolution
• July 14, 1789, the French Revolution
• French people wanted a constitution
similar to America
• At first, Americans were supportive
• Americans became uncomfortable with
the violence
Washington Avoids War
• France wanted US support since we had a
treaty of perpetual friendship from the US
Revolution
• Hamilton was not in favor of U.S. aid to France
• Jefferson in favor of U.S. aid to France
• Washington knew US could not go to war…
issued the Neutrality Proclamation
• New government – old treaty void… set the
stage for future problems
Problems with England and
Jay’s Treaty
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
130 American ships captured by British
British still in Ohio River Valley
US sailors being “impressed”
Talk of war with England
Jay’s Treaty
Britain agreed to pay for damaged ships
Britain agreed to give up forts in Ohio River
Valley once US paid pre-war debt
• Commission would look into “debt”
Political Parties
• In 1789, there were no political parties
• Most people distrusted political parties
• Disagreements between Washington’s
chief advisors, Hamilton and Jefferson,
started political parties
Hamilton and
Jefferson
Hamilton
•
•
•
•
Spoke forcefully (dressed elegantly)
Wanted a strong federal gov’t.
Supported the Bank of the U.S.
Supported a loose interpretation of the
Constitution
• Mistrusted common people
• Favored Britain as a trading partner
Jefferson
•
•
•
•
Informal dress and speech
Favored strong state governments
Opposed the Bank of the U.S.
Supported strict interpretation of the
Constitution
• Believed in common people
• Favored trade with France
The Federalist Years
John Adams – 2nd President of the United
States of America
Washington declined
to run for a third term
Opened the fieldFederalists
Nominated: John
Adams
Antifederalists
nominated: Thomas
Jefferson
John Adams – 2nd President
John Adams – 2nd President
of the United States
Election Results for 1796
71 votes – John Adams – Federalist
68 votes – Thomas Jefferson –
Democratic Republican
John Adams – 2nd President
of the United States
XYZ
Alien Act
Affair
Sedition Act
Election
of 1800
Kentucky & Virginia
Resolutions
John Adams – 2nd President
of the United States
Alien Act
Meant to weaken
the DemocraticRepublican Party
-President could deport any
foreigner deemed
dangerous
-Naturalization Act – wait
14 years before becoming a
citizen
-Alien Enemies Act –
deport foreigners from
countries the US is at war
with
John Adams – 2nd President
of the United States
-Sedition – stirring up
rebellion
Sedition Act
Meant to weaken
the DemocraticRepublican Party
Could be jailed for
criticizing the
government
John Adams – 2nd President
of the United States
Kentucky and
Virginia Resolutions
1789-1799
Nullify – cancel a
law passed by the
federal
government
-each state could declare a
federal law
unconstitutional
John Adams – 2nd President
of the United States
XYZ
-France Upset
Affair
-Neutrality Proclamation
1797
--Jay’s Treaty
Adams sent ambassador
“Millions for defense
but not one cent for
tribute
-2 year Quazi War
-Frenchman Tallyrand
demanded a $240,000.00
bribe and a $10 million loan
John Adams – 2nd President
of the United States
Election of 1800
“Revolution of
1800”
-1. Jefferson and Burr tied
2 House of Representatives
voted 36 times
3.Jefferson chosen
4. 12th Amendment
provided for separate
ballots for President and
Vice President